乾隆初年政府职能扩展的几个例证

世界历史在18世纪出现了罕见的“共时现象”,其中最明显的就是政府职能的扩展。但在中国,相比之下这段历史却不太为人注意。本文力图展示乾隆初年清代政府在劝农、兴修水利和开矿几个方面的所作所为。如果说,在18 世纪的西欧,政府职能扩展已属于一种“现代现象”,那么我们又应如何看待中国的这段历史?     

The role of gender norms in access to agricultural training in Chikwawa and Phalombe,Malawi

Based on qualitative research conducted in Chikwawa and Phalombe in Malawi, this article discusses how gender relations shape men and women’s access to and participation in agricultural training. It also examines how men and women justify or challenge gender inequalities in relation to access to agricultural information and knowledge. Data on gender and recruitment to and participation in training, barriers to training and access to information as well as farmer to farmer extension models were collected and analysed. A gender relations approach, focusing on power and inequality, was used to analyse the data. The data shows that the perception of men as household heads and women as carers or helpers who are also illiterate and ignorant often has implications on women’s ability to access training and information. Negative stereotypical perceptions about women by their husbands and extension workers militate against women’s access to training and information. Institutional biases within extension systems reproduce gender inequality by reinforcing stereotypical gender norms. Extension officers should be targeted with training on gender responsive adult learning methodologies and gender awareness to help them be more inclusive and sensitive to women’s needs.     

On globalization,borders, and borderlands: A historical geographical perspective

Under current dialectical conditions of globalization and increased demands for security, borders are no longer just symbols of sovereignty and national histories; they are evolving into new forms and as such are taking on new functions. Yet while borders continue to exist and are arguably more fluid and dynamic than ever before, despite the once robust but now contested rhetoric of “a world without borders,” this doesn't mean that borders prior to the current phase of globalization were relatively static and stable. What is constant is the fact that borders and borderlands are always in a state of becoming and in this context, we need to address the relationship that exists between borderland evolution and the changing forces of globalization. This paper considers the important role that time‐space plays in globalization and borderland theory and in doing so emphasizes that any such effort must recognize the importance of historical geographical context. My argument is developed with reference to the Canadian‐American borderlands and the relationship between Canada and the United States that developed during the various phases of globalization that emerged after the creation of two North American polities following the American Revolution.     

Spatial extensions of childhood: from toy worlds to online communities

Digital technologies offer children opportunities to expand their everyday worlds and manipulate their spatial surroundings in real time. This article draws from ethnographic research in Helsinki focusing on children's sociality and technology encounters. Particular attention is given to techno-toys and online networking communities. Connections between companies developing digital technologies and children's everyday spaces give rise to new generational involvements. Adult-designed technologies support and exploit children's mutual relations, create opportunities for these relations, and are aimed at directing their course. Consequently, the fascination with commercial spaces is not surprising: they appeal to children by supporting their aims. The article suggests that in order to understand emerging techno-worlds that arrange, extend, and transform children's everyday doings, childhood scholars need to learn to ask questions that go beyond either/or stands. Only through a detailed understanding of the ways in which corporate offerings participate in, and promote, the production of everyday spaces for children can adults efficiently guide the very complex ways in which such spaces influence children.     

Viking woollen square-sails and fabric cover factor

The discovery of the five scuttled Viking ships of Roskilde Fjord in Denmark and the subsequent excavation, preservation and analysis of the remains has initiated a programme of reconstructive archaeology led by the Viking Ship Museum of Roskilde in which four of the five hulls have now been reconstructed together with their rigs and square-sails. The reconstruction of the sails has been based on fragments of heavy woollen cloth found within the roof of Trondenes church in Norway dating to the mid-13th century. This paper uses the'cover-factor' modelling methods of modern textile engineering to analyse the'Viking' sail fabrics and assess their strength, resilience and performance in comparison with the linen sails from the wreck of the Vasa .     

Entrepreneurial industry structures and financial institutions as agents for path dependence in Southwest Norway: the role of the macroeconomic environment

ABSTRACT

Guided by an evolutionary perspective, we study how macroeconomic shifts as an exogenous factor contribute to the endogenous roles of financial institutions and the entrepreneurial industry structure as indicators for path extension or diversification in Southwest Norway. Path extension implies that new firm formation reproduces itself with limited variation. Path diversification implies a departure from existing paths, in that entrepreneurial activities expand into unrelated or related industries. Between 1992 and 1998, we observe a departure from path extension and an increase in entrepreneurial path diversification into unrelated industries, but this trend declines in the following years. The increase and decline are stronger for Southwest Norway than for the rest of the country. Throughout the whole period of observation (1992–2011), we observe a steady decline in path diversification into related industries. Thus, Southwest Norway, and the country as a whole, experiences an extension of an industry structure that increasingly reproduces itself, which implies stronger path dependence and decreasing diversification of related and unrelated entrepreneurial activity. Financial institutions mostly reinforce path extension, even in periods when abundant capital is available, but to some degree, they also induce related path diversification.     

The figural go-between in the Cartesian conception of science

ABSTRACT

The article addresses the early-modern conception of figuration, and more specifically the form in which it appears in Descartes’ early writings. There is textual evidence suggesting that Descartes was aware both of the mathematical and of the poetical characters of figures, contributing to the design of methodical processes. It is argued that figures play a central role in the Cartesian conception of method, in which figuration, leaning on the universal laws of geometry, is being used as carrier of data from reality to the observing mind and back, as well as from one domain of inquiry to another. It is therefore a central binder of the Cartesian ‘Unity of Science’, being responsible for the interconnectedness of various domains of inquiry.     

New light on the acromial attachment of the human coraco-acromial ligament

According to a largely forgotten statement in the anatomical literature, the coraco-acromial ligament is frequently attached to the undersurface of the tip of the acromion as well as to its medial margin. Surgeons, now able to examine this region via an arthroscope, support this observation. Raised impingement facets on the tip region of the undersurface of the acromion, sometimes eburnated because of actual contact with the proximal humerus, commonly complicate disorders of the shoulder-joint complex and are often associated with ossification extending into the attachment of the coraco-acromial ligament. Such enthesophytes thus appear to preserve in ossified form the morphology of the attachment; many seem to arise from the subacromial surface as continuations of impingement facets. Two early 19th century scapulas are described in which much of the soft tissue covering the subacromial surfaces was preserved in mummified form. One had a large enthesophyte apparently extending into the coraco-acromial ligament; the other included some of the superior layer of the subacromial bursa. In both, a tissue containing prominent fibrous strands orientated in the plane of the ligament covered the tip region of the subacromial surface. Short immersion in a solution of sodium orthophosphate softened the dried tissue sufficiently to enable its components to be separated. The fibrous strands had a firm attachment near the lateral acromial margin and passed free across the surface like a sling supposedly into the coraco-acromial ligament. The sling-like character was emphasized in one specimen by the attachment of some fibres to the tip of the enthesophyte. It is postulated that the sling-like character would assist the main ligament to buffer pressures exerted by the proximal humerus in normal function. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

利用品牌延伸整合旅游产业链的模式研究

"旅游产业链"是旅游消费者获得旅游信息并决定进行某次旅行,经过空间移动,到最终实现旅游体验这一系列的活动过程中,因吃、住、行、游、娱、购等旅游消费涉及的企业分属不同的产业类型而形成的一种产业链接关系。旅游产业链的建设与优化对于微观旅游企业和区域旅游业的健康发展都具有重要意义,而旅游产业链的建设与优化,就是要协调产业链上各要素,以实现旅游业的经济、社会效益最大化。品牌延伸战略是企业界对品牌资源进行开发利用和新产品营销的常用策略,品牌延伸理论也发展成相对完善的理论体系。本文以品牌延伸理论为基础,从微观主体角度来分析旅游产业链优化整合的机制,包括优化整合的动力机制和约束机制。并阐述了大企业或者著名企业在旅游产业链的重要作用和地位,为旅游产业链的优化整合提供一种可选择的模式与途径,并以此为基础探讨了利用品牌延伸优化产业链的优化圈层、优化路径和优化模型。本文最后从微观和宏观角度提出旅游产业链优化的建议。     

试论岳石文化北向发展态势

岳石文化在山东以北地区的发展态势,学术界向有歧见。本文通过对考古资料的深入分析和对比研究,认为岳石文化在渤海西岸持续北上至唐山一带,在东侧则是从胶东半岛渡渤海海峡北进辽东半岛南端。其北扩态势既有历史渊源,也因中原地区强大的二里头文化的挤压和豫北冀南先商文化的崛起。岳石文化这种北向扩展的态势收缩于二里头文化晚期,当与夏末夏桀东征东夷有关,而与中商时期的仲丁东征东夷无涉。