Diplomatic compromises between the United States and Japan during the Nanjing Massacre

ABSTRACT

During its assault on Nanjing, the Japanese Army bombarded and sank the USS Panay, an American gunship, straining the relations between Japan and the United States. During the Nanjing Massacre, to ease tensions with the United States, Japan allowed the staff of the American embassy in Nanjing to make an early return to the city. While investigating allegations that Japanese troops had trespassed on American property and kidnapped and raped a Chinese woman, the American diplomat John M. Allison was struck in the face by a Japanese soldier. The U.S. government exerted pressure on Japan over what was referred to as the “Allison Incident”: under orders from Tokyo, the Japanese occupying force in Nanjing apologized to Allison and placed the officers and soldiers involved in the incident under court-martial. The incident was thereby resolved. However, amidst the furor of the “Allison Incident,” the Chinese woman who had been assaulted was forgotten by both the American and Japanese governments as well as by public opinion. The Japanese soldiers were placed under court-martial not for raping the Chinese woman, but rather for striking an American diplomat. The U.S. government received a great many reports on the atrocities committed by the Japanese Army, but in policy and deed, the American response was limited to safeguarding its national interests in China.     

Christian colleges amid political changes: The University of Nanking’s reorganization and registration (1927-1928)

Jinling University, or the University of Nanking, was created in 1910 from the merger of three Christian missionary schools in Nanjing (Nanking). After a period of smooth development in the second decade of the twentieth century, the University of Nanking had to face huge challenges in the 1920s when nationalism and revolutionary movements gained momentum in China. After the Nanjing Incident in 1927, the university was forced to deal with all the serious challenges of running a new school. Within two years, the University of Nanking underwent comprehensive reform, which included the reorganization of the school administration, the establishment of a board of directors, the accession of the university’s first Chinese president, and the completion of a process of government-mandated registration. All this ultimately led the University of Nanking into a new era. The university reacted to the registration requirement and the internal administrative reshuffling in a process of gradual, interlocking responses. This process reflects the general nature of relations between church universities and the Chinese government during this important historical moment, though the unique characteristics of the University of Nanking’s own experience are also apparent.     

Japan’s Most Beloved Suicide Bombers: The Nikudan-san’yūshi Phenomenon (1932–1945)

In 1932, three Japanese soldiers died in the line of duty during the Shanghai Incident. Battlefield gossip blamed their deaths on incompetence. Sensational newspaper reports lauded them as suicide bombers who crippled the defences of an enemy stronghold with only a Bangalore torpedo and ‘pieces of torn flesh.’ Hero worship and commercialization followed shortly thereafter. Their alleged exploits inspired books, movies, theatrical performances, political speeches, radio dramas, and popular music. This article is about the Nikudan-san’yūshi (Three Heroic Human Bullets) phenomenon, a cultural sensation that penetrated into nearly every corner of Japanese society and which groomed the nation for military extremism.     

从群体性突发事件看我国公民有序政治参与的路径选择

扩大公民有序的政治参与是建设社会主义政治文明的重要内容。本文以群体性突发事件为切入点,在对政治参与内涵及价值进行梳理的基础上,对当前我国公民政治参与的特点进行了分析,并从公平正义、制度建构以及公民文化培育等方面提出建构我国公民有序政治参与的路径选择。     

毛泽东处理“富田事变”的教训

20世纪30年代,江西中央苏区所发生的“富田事变”与毛泽东之间有着复杂的关系。事变后毛泽东对其本人在处理富田事变中所犯的“左”倾错误不断反思并汲取了深刻的教训。在随后的革命岁月里,他不断深刻总结我党历史上处理解决党内矛盾的思想根源,最终形成了解决党内矛盾和人民内部矛盾的“弄清思想、团结同志”的原则和“团结——批评——团结”的方法。这些原则和方法,对于我们今天构建社会主义和谐社会都有着极为深刻的现实意义。     

从无序到有序：群体性事件与公民政治参与问题研究

近年来,作为无序政治参与表现的群体性事件在我国呈现出频发的趋势,要求我们不断思考公民有序政治参与的制度创新及其有效性问题。文章对群体性事件中公民无序政治参与的基本形式、产生原因进行了客观的分析,从坚持基本原则、健全制度建设、培育公民社会及提升公民能力素质四个方面探讨了促进公民无序政治参与向有序政治参与转变的可行性路径。     

贵州辛亥革命中“二·二”事变性质分析

1912年贵州“二·二”事变的发生,给辛亥革命后贵州政局的发展走向产生了重大影响。长期以来,无论是时人或后人,对“二·二”事变的认识和评价,都存在着分歧。在纪念辛亥革命发生100周年之际,分析贵州辛亥革命中“二·二”事变的性质,总结其经验教训,对于更加深入全面了解贵州辛亥革命史具有重要意义。     

解读1948年“杨妹事件”始末

1948年4月,重庆女子杨妹“九年不食”的报道见诸报端。随之,全国各地相继有自称不食者出现,社会各界及政府对此异常关注,全国范围内一度掀起了为期数月关注杨妹的热潮。“杨姝事件”的发生及其影响得以迅速扩大是当时国统区恶劣的经济环境及生存条件之下民众心理与关切的集中反映。人们对“杨妹不食”的极大兴趣及杨妹等不食者“不食反为食”的矛盾心态及动机,无不从一特定角度描绘出国统区民众当时真实的生活及心理状态。     

民初泗水华侨交涉案研究

在收集整理中国第二历史档案馆馆藏有关档案的基础上,描述了民国时期荷属东印度泗水地区华侨升旗案的发生和交涉过程;分析了其给海外华侨对中国认同、中国与东南亚各国外交关系发展变化所带来的重要影响;并总结了本涉侨案件的三点历史意义。     

对青海省群体性事件问题的反思

当前,由于社会各种矛盾的相互作用,青海省发生的群体性事件规模和复杂程度凸显.这些事件的发生已经严重影响到我省社会治安的稳定,影响到我省经济和社会的协调发展.本文在对我省发生群体性事件的原因、特点分析的基础上,提出了应对策略.