FROM RAW IRON TO SEMI‐PRODUCT: QUALITY AND CIRCULATION OF MATERIALS DURING THE IRON AGE IN FRANCE*

Iron raw materials provide a privileged source of information for the reconstruction of metallurgical techniques and the circulation of iron products. An interdisciplinary approach, combining archaeological and archaeometrical studies of the exemplars known from the French Iron Age, has been undertaken. This enables a new typological classification to be produced that demonstrates a correlation between morphological and structural properties. Through comparison with chronological data, it is possible to propose a reconstruction of the organization of production according to three main periods, which are characterized by the circulation of different qualities of iron and by diverse levels of artisanal specialization.     

伪满成立前日本的东北“自治”运动与构想

＂九一八＂事变后,日本侵略者一方面在军事上对中国东北进行武装占领,另一方面,则动用政治手段,借＂自治＂美名,制造县级亲日政权,策划从下到上的＂自治＂独立。为了进一步推动这一工作的执行,还成立了最大的组织＂自治指导部＂。与此同时,关于即将建立的伪独立国家的地方统治,也鼓吹实行县级＂自治＂。这些＂自治＂的行动与构想,构成了日本侵略中国东北的独特的一页。     

伪满时期日本对东北的国防资源“调查”——以铁矿资源“调查”为中心

“九·一八”事变后,日本炮制伪满洲国作为其在中国东北进行殖民侵略的代行工具。为了加强对东北国防资源的掠夺,经过关东军的秘密策划,在满铁的大力协助下成立了所谓的“国防资源调查部”,对东北国防资源展开全面“调查”。     

REVIEW ARTICLE USE-WEAR ANALYSIS: THE STATE OF THE ART

This paper is a review of the recent developments in use-wear analysis. The focus is on some key issues: polish formation, quantification of use-wear, residue analysis and the way these related themes have affected methods of use-wear analysis. A brief history of the development of use-wear analysis is presented and a discussion of blind tests, expert systems (explained at length in the ‘Appendix’) and how use-wear analysis can be incorporated into the chaîne opératoire approach to the interpretation of Stone Age sites.     

Durham Anthropology: A provincial history of a provisional discipline

A history of anthropology in the Northumbrian region of England from the early Christian era, through the age of exploration and subsequent period of industrialization, to the twentieth century. Focussing on the various anthropological strands in the region’s long tradition of scholarship, the paper traces the discipline’s shifting provisional identity from a provincial perspective and eventual representation at Durham University in a Department of Anthropology.     

THE OPAQUE RED GLASS OF CELTIC ENAMELS FROM CONTINENTAL EUROPE

Opaque red glass was used in the Celtic world for enamels and inlays. Forty artefacts, of various dates and found in various places, have been sampled and studied. They all belong to the same type, a soda-lime-silica high lead glass coloured by crystals of cuprous oxide. There is only one subgroup: glass lumps from the Mont-Beuvray oppidum contain manganese, less iron, and less lead. This change could be the result of Roman influence. Although most of these glasses form a surprisingly homogeneous group, no conclusions as to their origin can be inferred from our present knowledge.     

DEEPLY COLOURED AND BLACK GLASS IN THE NORTHERN PROVINCES OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE: DIFFERENCES AND SIMILARITIES IN CHEMICAL COMPOSITION BEFORE AND AFTER ad 150*

In this work we attempt to elucidate the chronological and geographical origin of deeply coloured and black glass dating between 100 bc and ad 300 on the basis of their major and trace element compositions. Samples from the western and eastern parts of the Roman Empire were analysed. Analytical data were obtained by means of a scanning electron microscope – energy‐dispersive system (SEM–EDS, 63 samples analysed) and laser ablation – inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (LA–ICP–MS, 41 samples analysed). Among the glass fragments analysed, dark brown, dark purple and dark green hues could be distinguished. Only among the dark green fragments could a clear compositional distinction be observed between fragments dated to the periods before and after ad 150. In the early samples (first century bc to first century ad ), iron, responsible for the green hue, was introduced by using impure sand containing relatively high amounts of Ti. In contrast, a Ti‐poor source of iron was employed, containing Sb, Co and Pb in trace quantities, in order to obtain the dark green colour in the later glass samples. The analytical results obtained by combining SEM–EDS and LA–ICP–MS are therefore consistent with a differentiation of glassmaking recipes, detectable in glass composition, occurring in the period around ad 150.