内蒙古赤峰市大山前第一地点夏家店下层文化的植被和生态气候

内蒙古赤峰市大山前遗址属于中国北方青铜时代早期文化遗存 ,出土了大量夏家店下层文化遗物 ,其年代为 2 0 0 0BC～ 15 0 0BC。本文对大山前第一地点 1996年发掘区中部的探方T4 0 6内F8H1灰坑出土的木炭碎块进行了种属鉴定 ,并对出土的不同树种的木炭碎块进行分类和称量 ,得知当时的地带性植被为油松林和蒙古栎林 ,生态气候为温湿类型 ,同时也存在着气候暖干波动现象 ;柳属的发现说明遗址附近有河流存在 ;根据蒙古栎的起源和生态特性推测这一时期可能有人类的砍伐活动 ;H1出土的油松木炭可能绝大多数属于薪炭遗存     

河南淅川县阎杆岭83号墓发掘简报

2005年12月,为配合南水北调中线丹江口水利枢纽加高工程,河南省文物考古研究所对阎杆岭墓群Ⅱ区的83号墓进行发掘。该墓为"甲"字形积石积炭墓,出土鼎、罐、瓮、壶、仓、灶、井等陶器和铜盆、铜甑、铜釜、铜五铢钱、铜兵器、铜车马器、铁剑等随葬器物99件,年代为西汉晚期,为汉墓以及相关问题的研究提供了新资料。     

A Neolithic dugout from a multi-period site near St Albans, Herts, England

In December 1988 rescue excavations on a multi-period gravel site 5 km south-east of St Albans revealed the charred remains of a probable logboat containing cremated human and animal remains. Radiocarbon dating indicated a date in the early 4th millennium BC. The site continued to be used sporadically until the Late Iron Age, and there is some indication that it may have continued to have a ritual significance. The excavation also recorded one (possibly two) Early Saxon sunken floor huts, and ovens and ditches associated with medieval Parkbury.     

木炭在考古学研究中的应用

利用考古发掘出土的木炭可以重建考古遗址周围的环境,重建植物群,探索遗址的居民与自然界植被的关系,寻找有关古人类的信息。该对木炭在考古学研究中的可行性、必要性及取样与鉴定方法进行了简要的概括,并以研究实例进一步说明木炭的鉴定过程,对拓宽我国科技考古研究方法有一定的意义。     

秦汉社会的木炭生产和消费

秦汉时期,木炭作为主要燃料之一,被广泛使用于民众生活以及手工业生产领域如冶金、制陶、煮盐等诸多方面。规模巨大的木炭用度,造成了林木资源的过度破坏,进而引发了严重的生态效应。两汉社会生态恶化以及自然灾害频发,与此有密切关联。     

河南淅川县阎杆岭38号汉墓的发掘

2005年9月,为配合南水北调中线丹江口水利枢纽加高工程,河南省文物考古研究所对阎杆岭墓群Ⅱ区的 38号墓进行发掘。该墓为“甲”字形积石积炭墓,墓室四壁和墓底积石积炭,出土鼎、罐、瓮、壶、仓、灶、井、磨、坛等陶器以及铜弩机、铜五铢钱、铁剑共计50余件,年代为西汉晚期。如该墓墓室四壁和墓底积石积炭墓应是丹江流域汉墓的地方特点,为汉墓以及相关问题的研究提供了新资料。     

文物保存微环境中的氮氧化物集成净化

氮氧化物(NOx)是环境中的重要污染物,是文物保存环境的重大威胁,不仅其本身会对文物产生严重危害,而且与其他污染物如硫氧化物和有机酸耦合会加剧侵蚀。为此,本研究采用光催化预处理与生物质吸附集成技术净化文物保存微环境空气中低浓度的氮氧化物。实验结果表明:直接使用竹屑、杉木屑、落叶松、稻壳和稻糠生物质可去除NOx;在520℃下炭化的竹炭对NOx去除率可达75%。NOx的光催化效率随流速升高而降低,当NOx中混有有机酸时集成净化效率会出现波动。对光催化和吸附的不同组合进行了比较,最优组合可使NO和NO2浓度分别降至1.98μg/m3和1.80μg/m3。     

Identifying the woody resources of Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa) using scanning electron microscopy of the MSA wood charcoal assemblages

This article presents the results of the anatomical identification of wood charcoal from pre-Still Bay, Still Bay and Howiesons Poort assemblages at Diepkloof Rock Shelter (South Africa) using scanning electron microscopy. In the earliest phases, with pre-Still Bay stone tools, the charcoal shows a predominance of Afromontane forest taxa, some riverine woodland species, mesic thicket and proteoid fynbos vegetation. With a change in lithic technology in Still Bay contexts, the balance of Afromontane and thicket taxa shifts towards favouring the latter. A more diverse array of proteoid fynbos species emerges, and there is evidence for the use of plants from the local wetlands of the Verlorenvlei. In Howiesons Poort contexts, typified by a different lithic technology, the charcoal shows some Afromontane forest persisting, but the overwhelming change is towards greater species diversity, with the woody taxa being increasingly representative of thicket and shrubland. Some of the fynbos and thicket species are typical of vegetational communities which inhabit well-drained soils, rocky or dry locations at the present day. More wetland plants from the Verlorenvlei were selected for use.     

The use of wood in funerary pyres: random gathering or special selection of species? Case study of three necropolises from Poland

In this study, the analysis of charcoal remains from three prehistoric necropolises is presented. This botanical material formed part of funerary pyres and thus represents purposely gathered wood used for cremation ceremonies. Therefore, its anthracological analysis may indicate a special selection of wood, which may be a source of palaeoethnographic information about past rituals. However, a question remains as to whether or not the charcoal assemblages that originated from graves may also provide some palaeoecological information. In order to test both hypotheses, analysis of three Polish necropolises dating to the Bronze and the Iron Age were performed. In all charcoal assemblages, a taxonomic diversity among charcoals was detected, which may suggest that the wood was collected based on availability. This may also be inferred after observing that the presence of the most ubiquitous and frequently found taxa may be strongly correlated with present-day vegetation growing in the vicinity of the necropolises.     

Interdisciplinary approach for reconstructing an alder-based historical agricultural practice of the Eastern Ligurian Apennines (NW Italy)

Data from four soil profiles studied through pollen and macroscopic charcoal analyses were used to identify specific palynological assemblages associated with a traditional land-use system documented in the Eastern Ligurian Apennines (NW Italy) between the 18th and early 20th century, concerning a cyclical use of grey alder plots for temporary cultivations involving to the use of controlled fire. This is the first attempt to verify on palynological evidence some hypotheses raised by previous historical ecology studies about the consequences of this agricultural practice (recently named alnocoltura) on past and present vegetation. Our investigations underline (1) high percentages of anthropogenic pollen indicators, (2) increase of Ericaceae percentages, (3) low pollen percentages of Alnus, (4) high macrocharcoal concentrations and (5) high values of palynological richness during periods affected by the alnocoltura cycle according to the historical sources. Similar patterns are also detectable in pollen diagrams from two adjacent peat bogs. The paper shows the strength of an interdisciplinary methodology (field observations, cartographical and archival historical data, palynological and archaeological investigations) for studies of past land-use systems. By demonstrating the necessity of a long-term prospective in environmental reconstructions for the preservation of the cultural landscape, one of the important elements of this research is its potential contribution to issues of habitat management and nature-conservation policy. Further analyses are needed to test the replicability and reliability of the hypotheses derived from this study.