十六国北朝侨州郡县与侨流人口研究引论

十六国北朝特别是十六国,频繁而大规模的内部人口流动,是由胡族统治者实施的,并以强制迁移性质为主,强制迁移的目的,是以之为兵、用之耕耘。这样的移民状况加上其他复杂因素,决定了长期、普遍、广泛设置于东晋南朝的侨州郡县,在十六国北朝境内,总体上说,是不长期、不普遍、不广泛的。十六国北朝特别是十六国的多数侨州郡县,既无土地也无人民。如十六国的侨置,多与"虚设"无异;至于北朝的侨置,则不外以下几种情形:因招抚或安置流民而置,为安置特殊性质的移民而设,备职方而立,务广虚名,以及承东晋南朝之侨置而不废者。十六国北朝侨州郡县与侨流人口的考证与研究,既要具备与东晋南朝进行比照的观点,其研究难度也较之东晋南朝为更大。     

西周时期的“南国”、“南土”范围刍议

“南国”与“南土”是两个并不等同的概念,“南土”或为周王直接控制的位于王畿南部的区域．在其南部边城地区甚至设有“侯”之类具有军事防卫职能的长官。而“南国”却位于“南土”之外,远离王畿,王朝对该地区的控制强弱视王朝的实力而定。     

Princely entries and gift exchange in the Burgundian Low Countries: a crucial link in late medieval political culture

This article treats the first entry of a new prince as the start of a series of exchanges between the prince and his subjects. On the occasion of an entry, gifts in all kind of forms, subsistence, luxury and symbolic goods, were exchanged with the intention of establishing a bond between the new ruler and the subjects. These gifts were not standardised in the Burgundian Low Countries. There was a wide range of gifts, from wine to silverware and from money to horses. Some gifts can be linked to the princely right of lodging in places he passed on his itinerary, whereas others refer to marks of honour offered by the host. However, not all gifts were given spontaneously, but were the result of a negotiating process between the town and the prince's officials on the one hand and between the different towns of a principality on the other. Those officials benefited as well from entry gifts that trickled down to lower levels in the official hierarchy. Therefore, the gifts can be considered as personalised items in a bigger process of exchange and as a confirmation of the outcome of political negotiations.     

Mobilité de la population et pauvreté dans une vicomté normande de la fin du Moyen-Age

Important in number and spread very evenly throughout the fifteenth century, the Norman rolls of the monnéage are a very important source for statistical study of the population of Normandy. The information about names they provide allows one to grasp the importance of mobility of population in urban and rural areas. Information about the different categories of exempted persons permits a study of the problem of poverty. The region under scrutiny in this article is the vicomté or vice-county of Bayeux and the city of Caen. Documents concerning this region reveal a highly mobile population, a fact which war by itself cannot explain. The highest rates of mobility are to be found among the populations of the different parishes of Bayeux and Caen. As one might expect, the poor are amongst the most mobile of all. Moreover, the persistence of poverty throughout the fifteenth century, as seen in the rolls of the monnéage, raises the problem of the continued stagnation of this part Normandy.     

锁阳城土遗址孔隙结构及其分形特征研究

在风化因子的持续作用下,土遗址微观结构持续劣化并最终导致宏观病害的发育。微观结构的特征反映了土遗址材料内在的劣化程度,为研究土遗址风化程度与微观孔隙结构变化的关系,采取锁阳城土遗址不同方位城墙土样,采用低温液氮吸附试验测定了土样的比表面积和孔容孔径分布,并基于FHH分形模型计算样品的分形维数;结果表明,锁阳城土遗址不同样品比表面积偏差率高,比表面积数值和分布具有明显差异;孔隙容积变异系数高,离散程度大,存在差异性劣化行为;土样的孔隙形态呈狭缝状、楔形、“墨水瓶”孔、管状孔等多种复杂形态,小于2.765 nm的孔隙大都为封闭透气孔。结合分形维数可知,锁阳城土样具有明显的分形特征,孔隙空间结构不规则,非均质性强,表面粗糙程度大,且分形维数和锁阳城土遗址劣化程度具有一定相关性。本研究关于土样孔隙的定量表征对于土遗址风化劣化研究有着重要意义。