Schmidt hammer rebound hardness tests for the characterization of ancient fired clay bricks

This article presents results of non-destructive Schmidt hammer tests performed on ancient fired clay bricks sampled from historical masonry. These tests were carried out in order to evaluate, and compare, the different degrees of degradation, depending on the bricks’ specific exposures and locations within a wall. The results indicate that this technique is sensitive enough to distinguish sample locations and measure weathering differences, even for different surfaces of a particular sample. For each case study, referenced surfaces were tested for bricks from a facade or interior wall. Each surface was tested with a Schmidt hammer type LB at ten different points of measurement, and these measurements were repeated ten times. For each impact at a particular point, a mean rebound value was calculated to provide an index of the degree of brick-surface microweathering.     

A Hybrid Masonry and Steel Mirror-Type Vault with Lunettes: Survey and Structural Analysis

ABSTRACT

The structural analysis of a mirror-type vault, consisting of a single- or double-curvature perimeter and a nearly flat part, is carried out. The vault is similar to a number of hybrid iron (or steel) and masonry vaults built between the late 19th century and the early 20th century to span large halls. The numerical analyses were preceded by an accurate geometrical survey and mechanical tests aimed at evaluating the properties of the materials. Thermography allowed the complex brick pattern of the vault to be detected. The influence of rib-walls (frenelli) and the material anisotropy on the stress and deformation of the vault is discussed. Eventually, attention is focused on one of the segmental vaults in the central part of the structure: it is found that the stress can be safely estimated by assuming its boundary to be fixed.     

南京明城墙砖铭文三题

南京明城墙砖应有指定的烧制地点并有相应的组织机构。     

山东临沂吴白庄汉画像石墓

山东临沂吴白座汉画像石墓由墓道、墓门、墓室、回廊、耳室组成,出土了少量随葬品和大量画像石材,画面内容丰富,主题鲜明,雕刻技法婚熟,线条流畅,为我们研究汉代的政治、经济、宗教信仰等提供了宝贵的实物资料。     

荆州古城勒名砖与"物勒工名"

本在对多年来搜集的26l例散见于荆州现存古城墙上的勒名砖整理、分类的基础上,对其中有代表性的勒名砖进行考证说明,并附有列表及典型砖例的实物拓片,还根据实物材料对荆州有砖城以来的筑城史及城砖的“物勒工名”制度的发展轨迹进行了初步探讨以期有助于加深对荆州古城的认识。     

Exploration of Basel Mission Company shipwreck remains at St George's Reef off Goa, West Coast of India: impact of the Basel Mission Co. on society and culture

A systematic exploration of shipwrecks has been carried out in Goa waters since 1997. Exploration off St George's Reef has brought to light the remains of a shipwreck at a depth of 15 m, containing various types of terracotta artefacts intended for house construction. Basel Mission Tile Works 1865' is impressed on bricks, roof and floor tiles. Study shows that the company was active in manufacturing terracotta and exported it to Africa, Australia, Borneo, Sumatra, and other countries. It has been renamed 'Comtrust', and is still producing terracotta using the same techniques. The impact of the Basel Mission Co. on society and culture is discussed. A study of finds of wrecks in the Mangalore and Calicut areas was undertaken.     

宁波鄞州老虎岩三国至唐代墓葬发掘报告

2009年,宁波市文物考古研究所和鄞州区文物管理委员会联合对栎斜村的墓葬进行了抢救性考古发掘,共发掘三国到唐代的墓葬19座,发现4座纪年墓,出土青瓷器、硬陶器等各类器物66件,相关的墓葬形制演变、纪年墓砖铭文、埋葬习俗特点为宁波地区三国到唐代的墓葬断代、墓葬形制和葬俗研究提供了典型的年代标尺和第一手资料。     

明代南京城墙砖铭文略论

本主要论述了明代南京城墙砖铭的相关问题。     

烧制温度对红砖物理力学性质的影响

在多年自然营力作用下,有些古建筑的砖体正遭受着严重的风化破坏,亟需修复和加固。为此,通过试验,研究烧制温度对红砖物理力学性质的影响,以期为古建筑修复和保护提供理论参考。利用模具手工制作边长为5 cm的立方体黏土砖。利用高温炉分别在700、800、900、1 000和1 100℃的温度下烧制成红砖。然后,测试不同烧制温度下红砖的块体密度、颗粒密度、开孔孔隙率、总孔隙率、常压吸水率、饱和吸水率、毛细吸水系数、纵波波速、孔径分布、单轴抗压强度。结果表明,烧制温度会影响物理力学性质,但物理力学性质并非随着烧制温度的增加而改善。烧制温度为1 100℃时砖的性能最优,烧制温度为800℃和900℃时砖的性能中等,烧制温度为700℃和1 000℃时砖的性能差。本文分析了烧制温度为1 000℃时红砖的物理力学性质差的原因。研究结果可为古建筑修复和保护提供理论参考。     

Raw or Pre-Fired: Kiln Construction at Sawankhalok,North Central Thailand,as a Guide to Ceramic History

Sawankhalok, located in north central Thailand, was an early stoneware ceramic production site where the first kilns were dug cave-like into the natural ground, a method used in China for thousands of years. After a century or so, kilns at Sawankhalok began to be constructed of brick. It is suggested that if the bricks were pre-fired then an external influence may have been responsible. To the contrary, if raw unfired clay was used in the construction of the kilns the evolution was more likely a consequence of conceptual continuity.With the aid of chemical and mineralogical analyses it is shown that the kiln bricks were unfired at the time of kiln construction thereby suggesting that traditional conservatism, apparent in many aspects of the industry, caused processes to remain unaltered in the absence of a persuasive reason for change. These conclusions reflect on the degree of indigenous technology and artistic development associated with Sawankhalok ceramics as opposed to external influence.