The Information Research Department,British Covert Propaganda,and the Sino-Indian War of 1962: Combating Communism and Courting Failure?

Britain's post-war interventions in former colonial territories remain a controversial area of contemporary history. In the case of India, recent releases of official records in the United Kingdom and South Asia have revealed details of British government anti-communist propaganda activity in the subcontinent during the Cold War period. This article focuses attention on covert or unattributable propaganda conducted in India by the Foreign Office's Information Research Department (IRD). It specifically examines the 1960s: a time between the outbreak of the Sino-Indian border war in 1962, and the Indian general election of 1967, when IRD operations peaked. The Indian government welcomed British support in an information war waged against Communist China, but cooperation between London and New Delhi quickly waned. Britain's propaganda initiative in India lacked strategic coherence, and cut across the grain of local resistance to anti-Soviet material. The British Government found itself running two separate propaganda campaigns in the subcontinent: one focused on Communist China, and declared to the Indian government; and a second, secret programme, targeting the Soviets. In this context, Whitehall found it difficult to implement an integrated and effective anti-communist propaganda offensive in India.     

长三角地区国有文物商店产业联盟之构想

文物艺术品市场多元格局的形成,国有文物商店所处的市场竞争环境愈发激烈,凭借原有的运营模式已难于获得新的发展空间,实施产业联盟是国有文物商店在现有市场环境中赢得竞争、获得发展的有效路径。长三角地区有国有文物商店12家,丰富的文物藏量、相似的组织机构、繁荣的文物市场,为建立和实施产业联盟提供了有利条件。产业联盟既可以整合各个个体的资源,充分利用各自的有利因素,又可以避免相互之间的恶性竞争,从而产生最优的协同效应和规模经济效应。     

From Propaganda to ‘Information’: Reforming Government Communications in Britain

Since the 1980s, several studies of post-war British propaganda have been published. While many of these have focused on developments abroad, some have explored domestic work carried out under the auspices of the Central Office of Information. Established in 1946, the Central Office of Information provided a range of services to government departments, including advertising and public opinion polling, but it was just part of a wider system of official communications that has tended to attract less attention in the historiography. Reorganised by Clement Attlee’s post-war Labour governments, this system was presented to the public as a means of disseminating impartial and apparently non-controversial ‘facts’ about government policy. Few commentators today accept that justification, but little is known about why it emerged after the Second World War or what impact it had on existing communications machinery. Taking a broad view of the subject that considers the inter-war and wartime antecedents to the post-war communications system, this paper seeks to fill in some of the gaps that have emerged in the literature. Focusing on shifts in official nomenclature and departmental practice, it explores the relationship propaganda shared to government policy and its broader legacy in the twentieth century.     

文化传播的空间基础及模式分析

本文从广义的文化背景出发,探讨了文化传播(扩散)的物质基础-信息-语言文化系统,以及文化传播与地理环境的相互关系,在此基础上,笔者对文化传播的空间模式进行了系统的分析。     

Maps and the settlement of southern Palestine, 1799–1948: an historical/GIS analysis

Historical maps of the Negev Desert which comprises half of the total land area of Palestine can be viewed from several intersecting perspectives relating to aspects such as their contribution to tracing patterns of settlement and agricultural history, imperialism and mapping, and legal geography of land ownership and indigenous people. Here we focus mainly on the first theme, incorporate new methods and demonstrate their application to studies in historical geography.     

信息定位型展览:提升中国博物馆品质的契机

信息定位型展览以博物馆的综合素质为基础,涉及到博物馆的收藏政策,藏品研究的深度与系统性,展览组织的合理性,展览的传播技术及与展览相关的辅助教育等。只有各个环节都符合科学的要求,才有可能建造观众喜欢看、看得懂,能得到启迪与教益的展览。因此,应以信息定位展览的建设为契机,确立以"保存社会记忆"为核心价值观的收藏政策;加强藏品研究,为信息定位型展览提供学术支撑;建立合理的程序与标准,开展展览评估,打造具有良好传播能力的展览;拓展深化传播效果,开展丰富的公众教育活动,从而从根本上提高当代博物馆的品质。     

信息化社会图书馆员素质的培养

图书馆在国家的科学教育和研究体系中占据重要地位,为教育和科学研究提供服务图书馆员的素质是由图书馆的性质、职能、规律和特点所决定的。在信息化社会,图书馆的应用技术呈现出更广阔的应用平台,要求图书馆员积极应对新技术和新的工作方式转变的挑战;读者的需求向多元化方式转变,也要求图书馆员不断提高服务质量和履务方式。因此,图书馆员的素质是图书馆适应信息化社会发展的关键。鉴于此,本文就图书馆员应当具备的素质以及如何提高自身素质提出了一些基本思路。     

网络信息时代公共图书馆读者信息服务刍议

本文从网络信息时代读者信息服务的新形势入手,对现阶段读者信息服务工作中存在的问题进行了较为详细的阐述,并从强化现代服务理念、注重网络信息时代图书馆的人才队伍建设等方面提出了相应的对策和建议。     

The Tel Akko Total Archaeology Project (Akko,Israel): Assessing the suitability of multi-scale 3D field recording in archaeology

Abstract

Archaeology is a destructive discipline, and, unfortunately, the majority of methods employed by archaeologists to record and preserve the archaeological record consist of two-dimensional representations of three-dimensional (3D) subjects. Recent breakthroughs in 3D technology, however, have the potential to revolutionize the discipline. In recent years, multiple software suites capable of generating spatially accurate, photorealistic 3D models with a series of digital photographs have become available. Following a successful season of field testing in 2011, the Tel Akko Total Archaeology Project (Akko, Israel) expanded the use of Agisoft’s PhotoScan Pro—one of the commercially available software suites—to test the accuracy and suitability of the program for archaeological applications at multiple scales. After two years of field testing, it is clear that the implementation of PhotoScan Pro in archaeology facilitates unprecedented accuracy in field recording and digital heritage management, and provides a new outlet for the dissemination of archaeological data.     

冷战期间美国文化外交的演变

冷战开始后随着美苏两大阵营的对峙加剧,美国政府通过采取创建新闻署、组建和平队、成立国际交流署等手段,逐步将文化外交融入对外宣传范畴,演变为一种冷战工具,其间政治文化和领袖的国家使命感起到关键作用。这种文化外交在为美国赢得冷战的胜利发挥重要作用的同时,也使其国际信任度和软权力下降。