试论殷墟花园庄东地卜辞的行款

殷墟花园庄东地卜辞的行款表面上看较为复杂,但实际上仍遵循着一定的规律。这种规律表现为:卜辞基本守兆,在卜兆上方由内向外契刻,至兆干后再沿兆干外侧下行。由于卜辞字数不同,有的未至兆干即止,有的刻至兆干下方后再内行或外行。此外,相关卜兆的数量与排列方式、卜甲上卜辞条数的多寡、卜甲上可供刻字的空间等因素也会影响到卜辞的行款。了解、掌握花园庄东地卜辞行款与卜兆之间的密切关系,将有助于进一步认识王卜辞与其它非王卜辞的行款规律,对深入探讨商代后期的占卜制度也有裨益。     

交河故城垛泥墙体裂隙注浆工艺研究

交河故城垛泥墙体裂隙是一种典型的土遗址病害,注浆是加固土遗址裂隙的有效手段,注浆加固需要解决材料和施工工艺两方面问题。为此,进行了室内和现场试验研究,采用模数3.7、浓度12%、水灰比0.60～0.65的PS-C加固裂隙,取得了较好的效果。通过对施工工艺的研究,对裂隙封闭、灌浆管布置、灌浆工具、裂隙壁渗透、灌浆等工艺提出了相关技术要求,其结果为今后土遗址裂隙加固提供借鉴作用。     

An Enhanced Finite Element Macro-Model for the Realistic Simulation of Localized Cracks in Masonry Structures: A Large-Scale Application

ABSTRACT

Finite element macro-modeling approaches are widely used for the analysis of large-scale masonry structures. Despite their efficiency, they still face two important challenges: the realistic representation of damage and a reasonable independency of the numerical results to the used discretization. In this work, the classical smeared crack approach is enhanced with a crack-tracking algorithm, originating from the analysis of localized cracking in quasi-brittle materials. The proposed algorithm is for the first time applied to a large-scale wall exhibiting multiple shear and flexural cracking. Discussion covers structural aspects, as the response of the structure under different assumptions regarding the floor rigidity, but also numerical issues, commonly overlooked in the simulation of large structures, such the mesh-dependency of the numerical results.     

空鼓病害壁画灌浆加固技术研究

壁画空鼓病害是最为严重的壁画病害类型之一,如何科学解决壁画空鼓病害是目前迫切需要解决的主要问题,对保护人类优秀文化遗产具有重要意义。本工作在室内模拟实验和现场试验研究的基础上,结合对西藏布达拉宫等处古建筑空鼓病害壁画的修复加固治理,系统总结了空鼓病害壁画灌浆加固的基本原则、材料与修复工艺,重点讨论了灌浆孔与锚固孔位置选择的标准、注浆管的埋设,水灰比与灌浆量的控制,壁画支顶防护的作用,灌浆结合锚固补强的技术要求,补色的标准与原则,灌浆效果的评价及灌浆设备的研制与开发等关键的技术问题。结果表明,壁画灌浆结合锚固补强技术是解决空鼓病害壁画的主要措施之一。     

Seasoned or green? Radial cracks analysis as a method for identifying the use of green wood as fuel in archaeological charcoal

For several years, sociological questions have been central in anthracology. The development of socio-economic approaches based on the recognition of anatomical signatures in wood has made it possible to focus on topics related to firewood use and its management. The presence of radial cracks (RC) on archaeological charcoal is generally interpreted as the result of the burning of green wood. The present study proposes a verification of this theory by the experimental combustion of seasoned and green wood of Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Experimenting with this species was a research priority since it was the dominant taxon (representing 80-100% of the charcoal remains) identified in the Palaeolithic European sites under consideration.The experiments were conducted using two different methods: (i) inside a muffle furnace that allowed us to control the combustions, but in which the combustion process is quite different from most archaeological situations and (ii) in an open fireplace, less controllable but closer to the archaeological conditions. The systematic quantification of the number, length and width of the radial cracks (RC) measured on the transversal sections of the experimental samples demonstrates that (i) radial cracks occur independently of the moisture content of the wood before the combustion (on green and seasoned wood); (ii) however, the average number of radial cracks (RC/cm²) allows distinguishing seasoned from green wood; (iii) in the muffle furnace, the size of the RC appeared to be a good criterion for discriminating seasoned and green wood, but this observation was not confirmed by the open-air combustions. Our results clearly show that the appearance of radial cracks is not diagnostic of the combustion of green wood. Nevertheless, the number of radial cracks (RC/cm²) could represent a new method that might help identifying the combustion of green wood in archaeological charcoal samples.     

微生物诱导碳酸钙修复汉白玉石梁裂缝试验研究

石质文物劣化后产生裂缝等病害,需要恰当的修复方法。本研究应用微生物诱导碳酸钙沉积技术修复汉白玉石梁裂缝,模拟石质文物裂缝修复。研究对象为带V型槽的非贯通和贯通裂缝的汉白玉石梁(尺寸为40 mm×40 mm×160 mm),修复方法为先注浆后自由下渗。通过对比石梁修复前后破坏荷载和强度的变化以及CT扫描技术可视化非贯通裂缝修复过程来评价修复效果。结果显示:修复后石梁裂缝表面致密光滑,颜色与母材相近,整体美观性好;非贯通裂缝修复后破坏荷载均有所增加,贯通裂缝修复后的抗折强度能恢复到原有强度的35.12%,均值为3.684 MPa,最高能达到5.234 MPa;CT扫描结果定性和定量均表明胶凝体密度随修复进行而增加,接触面修复质量弱于其他位置。     

布达拉宫壁画的保护研究

布达拉宫是一处世界文化遗产,保存了大量的反映西藏政治、经济、文化、社会生活、佛教等题材的壁画,具有极高的历史价值、艺术价值和科学价值。受自然和人为因素的影响,壁画不同程度的产生了空鼓、起甲等病害,严重影响了文物的保存。本文针对壁画的最严重的空鼓病害,通过室内实验和现场试验研究,筛选出了vRPS为主剂,粉煤灰（F）加阿嘎土（A）为填料的无机灌浆材料并辅以锚杆补强加固空鼓壁画的修复材料和修复工艺,取得了良好的效果。同时对内窥镜检测壁画空鼓状况以及探地雷达检测空鼓加固后的效果也做了尝试性的试验研究。     

贡嘎曲德寺空鼓壁画修复实验研究

在西藏寺庙的壁画病害中空鼓是较为严重一类病害,贡嘎曲德寺地处雅鲁藏布江河谷,不同于布达拉宫壁画干燥的赋存环境,地下水位变化导致墙体毛细水上浸明显,传统高模数硅酸钾(PS剂)配粉煤灰作为灌浆材料在潮湿环境中易导致壁画酥碱病害。针对这一问题,通过室内实验和现场试验,筛选出以丙烯酸乳液为主剂,水硬性石灰加粘土为填料的灌浆材料,取得了良好的效果,灌浆修复后可避免壁画酥碱病害。研究结果表明,对西藏地区潮湿环境下的壁画修复,丙烯酸乳液加水硬性石灰加粘土的灌浆材料具有广泛的应用价值。     

明祖陵神道石刻二期保护的修复技术

明祖陵神道石刻自1981年首次进行了基础性的整修,2002年又一次进行了大规模的石刻修复,完成了对30尊神道石刻实施残缺补配、裂隙灌浆、表面封护的修复工程。还提出了石刻修复中补配材料是否需做旧的问题。     

海上丝绸之路窑址裂隙充填灌浆材料比选室内试验研究

对裂隙进行充填灌浆,可以有效防止裂隙的进一步发展和雨水的渗漏,使遗址得以更好地保存。为比选出适宜于潮湿环境下窑址裂隙充填灌浆材料,采用烧料礓石、烧阿嘎土、砺灰三种传统石灰材料分别对浙江和福建四处"海上丝绸之路"遗址点的遗址土进行改性研究。测试改性后浆体材料不同龄期的抗压、抗折强度、收缩率,以及温湿度循环、冻融循环、水稳定性、安定性、耐碱性试验后试样的力学性能变化。试验结果表明,三种石灰类材料均具有良好的耐候性,但砺灰试样的耐冻融特性稍差、龄期强度低、收缩变形较大。烧料礓石改性试样具有较高的龄期强度、较低的收缩率、良好的耐候性。因此,建议将烧料礓石作为主剂应用于四处窑址的灌浆材料中。相关研究成果对窑址裂隙灌浆材料的选取具有实际指导意义。