应用热裂解气相色谱质谱技术对六种蛋白质类胶结材料的分析与鉴别

利用在线甲基化水解-裂解气相色谱质谱(THM-Py-GC/MS)技术对古代壁画、彩绘等文物中常用的骨胶、皮胶、鱼鳔胶、蛋清、蛋黄和猪血等六种蛋白质类胶结材料进行分析,采用盖蒂保护研究所开发的RAdICAL系统对谱图进行解析,总结了每类材料的特征裂解产物。研究表明,吡咯类化合物,特别是吡咯、二吡咯二酮和哌嗪二酮类化合物可以作为骨胶和皮胶的识别组分,鱼鳔胶的识别组分除了上述吡咯类化合物之外,还包括胆固醇类化合物。吲哚类、血/蛋清标记物、磷酸三甲酯、脯氨酸类化合物是蛋清的识别组分。除了含有蛋清的4种识别成分之外,猪血的识别成分还包括胆固醇类化合物。蛋黄的识别组分是磷酸三甲酯、蛋黄标记物和胆固醇类化合物。最后利用主成分分析法(PCA)对福建省泉州市安海县龙山寺千手观音佛像上脱落的膜状残片的数据和六种蛋白质类胶结材料的数据进行解读,确定了膜状残片的蛋白质类有机材料为动物胶(骨胶或皮胶)和蛋清,证明PCA是一种有效的降维和可视化方法。本研究利用PCA技术对THM-Py-GC/MS数据进行分析解读,且结果可信,为之后该技术的发展提供新的契机。     

Examination of some pigments,grounds and media from Egyptian cartonnage fragments in the Petrie Museum,University College London

A number of cartonnage fragments from the collections of the Petrie Museum, UCL, were examined to identify pigments, media and grounds. The different types of cartonnage made in ancient Egypt are reviewed. Special attention was paid to green pigments, which were shown to be of green earth, or a mixture of Egyptian blue and a yellow, usually goethite or orpiment. Green earth was found in one artefact, dated to the 9th century BC: all other examples were from the Graeco-Roman period. No copper-organometallic greens were present in the examples studied, or Egyptian green, or malachite. Binding media was identified both by ELISA and by GC/MS. A pink colourant was identified as madder, while lead white was used as a white in one example, showing the influence of Roman and Greek pigments on Egyptian art in these later periods. Plant gum, egg, and animal glue were found in different fragments, with mixed media in a few cases. Moganite was found associated with quartz in some preparatory layers by X-ray diffraction, which has not been reported previously as a constituent of ground layers in Egyptian artefacts.     

Characterization of organic media in the wall-paintings of the “Palace of Nestor” at Pylos,Greece: evidence for a secco painting techniques in the Bronze Age

This paper presents the results of an investigation of organic binding media detected in samples from the Mycenaean wall-paintings at the “Palace of Nestor” in Pylos (Western Messenia, Greece): samples dated from the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1200 BC). This is the first scientific study to be conducted on organic binding media in Mycenanean painting, and it is a study that aims to contribute significantly towards our understanding of the original painting techniques used during the Bronze Age. The analytical procedures employed for the detection and characterization of the organic substances preserved within the paint layers (proteinaceous materials, lipids and plant gums), were based on chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques (PY–GC/MS, GC/MS). The most significant results, highlighting an a secco painting technique, are herein reported and discussed.     

From Byzantine to post-Byzantine art: the painting technique of St Stephen's wall paintings at Meteora,Greece

The old katholikon of St Stephen's monastery at the Meteora (site of the most important complex of monasteries in Greece after Mount Athos) is decorated with wall paintings that date from the beginning of 17th century. In terms of style, the artistic ensemble is altogether characteristic of the period. The painting technique has been examined by means of μRaman and μFTIR spectroscopies, gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy (GC/MS), optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).