Experiment in landscape: the Norfolk excavations of Marietta Pallis

The paper considers the geographies of scientific knowledge produced around a pool dug at Long Gores, Hickling, Norfolk, England in 1953. Designed by ecologist and artist Marietta Pallis as a swimming pool and symbolic site, the pool also became a scientific experiment in landscape, through which Pallis pursued general ecological principles and specific theories on the landscape history and ecology of the Norfolk Broads. The digging of the pool coincided with the publication of research establishing the broads' artificial origin in medieval peat diggings. The paper begins by developing arguments concerning the cultural geographies of scientific knowledge. We then trace Pallis's presentation of the pool as equivalent for the broads in its origins and development, her discussion of the relationship between pool, marsh and North Sea, the connection between Pallis and local scientific culture, and the pool's place in a landscape of ecological succession. The paper concludes with further theoretical discussion, and reflection on the remains of Pallis and her reputation.     

景观生态视角下周边环境与旅游景区协调规划研究——以平遥古城为例

在景区周边环境涌现出许多与景区不协调问题的同时,旅游者对景区周边环境的要求却在提高,因此忽视周边环境与景区完整性的做法已不适应当前旅游的发展。本文引入景观生态学的边缘效应、岛屿生物地理学、景观连接度、景观对比度和中度干扰基本理论,以平遥古城作为案例,对景区周边环境与景区间协调规划问题进行探讨。认为景区周边环境应从维持稳定性的集中与分散结合、加大连接度和利用异质性和发挥场效用的延展文化意境、体现地域特色和互利共生方面进行规划设计。     

Evolving ecosystems: ecological data from an Iron Age small mammal accumulation at Alorda Park (Catalonia,Spain)

Small mammals are considered to be good indicators of ancient environments. One particular layer in a fortification tower of a Mediterranean Iberian village, Alorda Park (4th century BC), provided a large amount of well-preserved small mammal bones (about 19,200 remains) probably accumulated by barn owls (Tyto alba). Such an accumulation is rarely available from the Iron Age. It provides not only palaeoenvironmental data, but also further information about other studies such as morphometrics, ancient DNA and zoogeography. This article focuses on the ecological data, and attempts to develop an accurate taphonomic study to assess the reliability and statistical significance of this archaeological sample.     

对生态文明建设思想的几点认识

生态文明建设思想,是对我国科学发展、和谐发展理念的升华,是马克思主义理论的新发展。建设生态文明,体现了人类社会发展的文明与进步,是总结世界各国发展经验教训的结果,是全面建设小康社会的重要内容。加快生态文明建设步伐,必须在全社会加强生态文明教育、建设生态文明产业、完善生态监管体系。     

生境的选择与楚文化的兴起

本文借助生态学理论,对楚人的南迁过程进行了梳理,并对其迁徙原因进行了剖析。认为自楚先季连族始,开始了南迁。商代前期,其活动地域在丹江流域;商代后期,其活动地域先在丹江与汉水交汇处,后在汉水中游的方山一带;商末至西周时期,其活动地域在湖北西北的荆山一带;东周以后,其中心地域在长江与汉水之间的宜城平原和江汉平原上。迁徙有自然的原因也有人为的原因,楚文化的孕育、形成与发展则是楚人对于生境选择的结果。     

Understanding the variability in freshwater radiocarbon reservoir offsets: a cautionary tale

Freshwater resources in past diets can lead to inaccuracies when attempts are made to ascertain their radiocarbon ages or those of the consumers. Radiocarbon reservoir effects may lead to significant age offsets when the bones or other tissues of these consumers are radiocarbon dated. A number of recent studies have investigated freshwater reservoir offsets. However no study thus far has satisfactorily obtained a ubiquitous freshwater reservoir correction due to variability in the ecosystems analysed. This study tests the possibility of predicting freshwater reservoir effects from the carbonate alkalinity of the water with measurements on modern fish bone and water samples. A predictive capability would be especially valuable in the absence of well-preserved archaeological fish bone. We surveyed samples from lakes and rivers in varying geological settings in Britain and Ireland. Modern fish bone and water samples were analysed to investigate modern radiocarbon offsets from the atmosphere. Archaeological fish bone was also analysed to examine past reservoir offsets at selected sites. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope values were measured to aid in interpretation of any variability in the offsets. Large freshwater reservoir offsets were measured in some modern and archaeological samples (maximum offset = 1638 ¹⁴C years). The freshwater reservoir offsets in the fish bone were highly correlated with alkalinity of water in modern lake sites analysed. However, a high amount of variation within and between fish species was also evident in the results, precluding the possibility of providing regional corrections for freshwater reservoir offsets from alkalinity although this still may provide a general guideline. The variability is thought to be due to differences in the diet of individual fish.     

“Urban Ecology Under Fire”: Water Supply in Madrid During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

This paper investigates the critical role of workers to enhance the resilience of water supply services in cities at war through analyzing the case of Madrid and the Madrid water company Canales del Lozoya during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). We argue that securing the protection of vital urban flows mediated through infrastructures is a key objective of cities under attack. In doing so we contend that examining how those affected by the interruption of these flows cope with the situation represents a valuable but largely neglected form of water management. We illustrate how quotidian knowledge about the urban geography of water flows may have important repercussions for the war effort itself. In a nutshell, the case of Madrid offers an early account of the critical role of water workers in sustaining “urban ecologies under fire” securing the complex urban metabolism while also contributing to the struggle against invading forces.     

哈尼梯田文化生态系统研究

本文通过深入哈尼族地区调查,运用系统论及文化生态等方法,提出了哈尼梯田文化生态系统的概念,分析了哈尼梯田文化生态系统的特征、组成、空间结构、物质能量流动及其功能,指出哈尼梯田文化生态系统是一个和谐的人地系统,具有自我维系的功能。     

Endorheic currents in ecology: an example of the effects from scientific specialization and interdisciplinary isolation

ABSTRACT

Mainstream ecological thought is explored in three sections: (i) Epistemological traits. Given the typical scientific development and the necessity of preserving our intellectual heritage, the conservatism outlined in (i) is cyclical, so its stages are graphically summarized. (ii) Methodological benchmarks antithetically derived from (i), in order to get faster advancement consistent with the growing environmental challenges which spur ecological development. (iii) The renaissance of an old paradigm. This section exposes the misunderstanding of the physical concept of equilibrium by the mainstream ecological thought; this explains its current state. Consequently, section (iii) also summarizes the evolution of a recent set of proposals (organic biophysics of ecosystems) that rescues the foundational paradigm of ecosystem ecology based on physics, neglected by the mainstream thought before producing its most valuable results. We highlight that the main problems emerge from the weakness of integration between ecology, physics and epistemology, and spurious links between ecology and neoclassical economics.