A cautionary note on the use of captive carnivores to model wild predator behavior: a comparison of bone modification patterns on long bones by captive and wild lions

A study with wild lions in Tarangire National Park (Tanzania) and with captive lions in Cabárceno Reserve (Spain) has yielded two different bone modification patterns, probably as a result of the differences in environmental contexts. Captive lions have modified bones more intensively, both in the form of total number of tooth-marked bones and number of tooth marks per tooth-marked bone, probably because of stereotypic behaviors. This emphasizes the importance of environmental contexts to understand carnivore behavior and their resulting bone modification patterns. It also shows that analogical models based on experiments carried out with captive carnivores may be biased and inadequate as proxies for wild carnivore bone modification behaviors.     

Stiffness Behavior and Shear Effect in Partially Infilled Reinforced Concrete Frames

The captive column effect is regarded as one of the deficiencies in concrete buildings. During earthquakes, partially infilled frames often get damaged due to large shear force within columns. Past studies indicate that the column failure is due to the high shear force occurrence; however, exact quantification of the shear force is still a topic of interest. A particular analytical expression for strut width has been adopted in this article and it is concluded that the masonry walls do enhance stiffness of frames but due to the shear force, the walls play adverse role in damaging the columns.     

清华简《耆夜》中的礼乐实践

新近公布的清华大学藏战国楚简中《耆夜》一篇,讲述了武王八年出师戡耆(黎)大胜之后归周,在"文大室"即文王宗庙进行"饮至"典礼,武王君臣饮酒作歌的情景。本文结合传世文献叙述了简文给我们展示的西周初年庆功典礼"饮至"的内容,正是西周礼乐文明的具体体现。