论广州大元帅府的投变寺产活动——兼论商团事变的原因

1923年2月孙中山在广州设立大元帅府后,为了筹集军费和广州的市政建设资金,将广州的寺产作为市有财产收用、拍卖,掀起了一个投变寺产的运动.这次投变寺产运动持续了一年半,曾经在广州引起一场大风波,并间接引发了商团事变.本文就1923、1924年孙科第二次担任广州市长期间投变寺产的活动展开论述,分析这次投变寺产运动的原因、过程、基本政策以及影响.     

New excavations at the Barbar Temple, Bahrain

In 2004 excavations at the Barbar Temple dating to c. 2000 BC established that the function of the southeastern subterranean channel connected to the temple pool was to supply the pool with water and not to divert water away from the pool. North and west of the temple the oval terrace wall of its third phase was located. In the centre of the Northeast Temple the remains of a shaft-stairway leading down to a well-chamber was uncovered and shown to be furnished with two subterranean channels leading water into the chamber. South of the Northeast Temple a house with late pottery was excavated. Two stamp seals and two seal-impressed tokens were found.     

圆明三园中的祀庙祠宇建筑探析

清代离宫圆明园及其附园中曾经修建大量的祀庙祠宇建筑,分别以龙王、关帝、土地神、花神等各种神灵为祭祀对象,清帝与皇室成员园居期间,经常来此祭拜。本文通过文献考证,对这些建筑的分布情况、具体形制、祀典特色作了详细考证,并试图进一步揭示其历史背景和文化内涵。     

清末僧教育会与寺院兴学的兴起

20世纪初年,面对来自官绅双方的提拨庙产兴学运动之强大压力,在先后谋求藉信徒之力消极抵制和借助外来势力的庇护均告失败之后,佛界一部分寺僧开始自办学堂和组织教育团体来推进佛教教育.与此同时,为了避免来华日本佛界寺僧所带来的外交纠纷,作为官方的晚清学部于1906年颁布了教育会章程规范僧教育团体,从而建立起了僧界之间以及僧界、士绅阶层与官方之间的联络机制.虽然僧教育会当时影响不大,但它促进了近代佛教教育团体与佛教教育的发展,为民国以后的佛教复兴奠定了一定的基础.     

Buddhist temples and ancestral halls: The reconstruction of native official rituals in western Yunnan

Abstract

In the process of abolishing the native officialdoms of southwest China, the Ming court justified its actions by citing violations of ethical and ritual principles. During the Zhengtong 正統 period, offices of native officials in Heqing 鶴慶 were abolished and replaced with an office for centrally appointed imperial officials. These imperial officials turned Buddhist temples into Confucian schools and attacked local beliefs regarding living Buddhas. At the same time, local Confucian scholars advocated orthodox ritual in the name of doing away with improper ritual practice. In response, nearby native officials began cautiously handling political issues, and sought to legitimize the foundations for their status by conducting rituals in the classical Confucian tradition. The author examines the history of Lijiang 麗江 and Menghua 蒙化 Prefectures in Yunnan 雲南 and discusses how their native officials used the statuses of ancient nobles as they sought to establish Confucian rituals and temples corresponding to their status within the Ming bureaucracy. Several strategies are identified, including (a) building Buddhist temples, ancestral halls, and official shrines; (b) transforming mythical figures into protective deities by creating mountain and river rituals that conformed to ritual orthodoxy; and (c) establishing official genealogies and using textual methods to incorporate clan myths and legendary lineages into orthodox historical narratives, thereby strengthening the superiority of border native official lineages. By analyzing a series of actions of native officials in this process, the author explores the cultural strategies adopted by native officials to safeguard their prestige and local interests.     

寺观壁画揭取、重装复原技术探索

揭取壁画实在是一种迫不得已的举动。为消除寺观壁画以往因分块揭取给其造成新的人为伤害,在掌握了壁画泥层的层状结构的可分性和理论计算的基础上,以四川剑阁觉苑寺和云南丽江大宝积宫两处明代壁画揭取为例,采取拆除背墙使用临时背衬悬掉壁画的方法,完全可以不分块地将整铺壁画揭取下来,从而实现了对壁画更好的保护。     

清代新疆的内地坛庙:人口流动、政府政策与文化认同

清朝统一新疆后,积极鼓励内地人移居新疆,以达减轻内地人口压力、开发新疆及实边之目的。随着内地人移居新疆,内地文化亦逐渐传入并扎根新疆,尤其是北疆。而内地的各种坛庙则是其中一个重要的方面,很快便充斥于新疆尤其是北疆各地,并形成了一种浓厚的内地文化氛围。这种氛围对于进一步吸引内地人向新疆流动,加强内地人对新疆的认知和认同,以及巩固清朝对新疆的统治等,起到了非常重要的作用。本文利用满、汉档案以及其他清代相关文献,对内地坛庙在新疆的发展及其影响等进行了分析。     

论唐代的民间淫祠与移风易俗

民间淫祠属于民间信仰的范畴 ,具有深厚的社会基础。民间淫祠在唐代社会非常盛行 ,主要表现为各种名目繁多的“生祠”、祭庙以及巫鬼信仰。唐政府及各级地方官对民间淫祠 ,基本上是持禁绝或改造的态度 ,为此曾展开过一系列移风易俗的工作 ,并取得了一定的社会效果     

The stone quarry on Jiddah Island,Bahrain

The surface of the small island of Jiddah lying north‐west of Bahrain is covered in traces of stone quarrying, but although the island probably supplied the limestone ashlars for the second‐millennium BC Dilmun temples at Barbar, the sixteenth‐century AD Bahrain Fort and other eminent buildings, no study has ever been made of the ancient quarry. Information from a geological report and a few photographs may, it is hoped, inspire new research.     

18世纪清宫佛堂供龛的样式及其艺术特征

清宫所供奉的藏区各地进贡和造办处铸造的佛像甚多,但长期以来由于受保存条件所限,大量佛像与所装供之供龛被分置庋藏,学者们在研究佛教造像的同时并未对其供奉形式予以足够重视。浏览清宫造办处档案可以发现,18世纪有关宫中造龛的记载不胜枚举。本文拟从归纳清宫供龛的基本样式和龛、像关系出发,对供龛的艺术特征及其所体现的时代精神和宗教情感等进行尝试性分析,以期全面把握清代宫廷藏传佛教艺术的整体特征。