泗阳汉墓埋藏环境中细菌的分析与检测

木质物在埋藏环境中不可避免地会受到细菌的侵害,细菌可以对木材的化学成分及超微结构造成很大的影响。本研究采用羧甲基纤维素钠(CMC)改良培养基平板法对泗阳汉墓埋藏环境中的土样及木样中的好氧纤维素分解菌、厌氧纤维素分解菌进行了筛选和纯化;采用CMC培养基平板稀释法对纤维素分解菌数量进行了测定;采用牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基法对优势菌株进行活化,并对其中的16株进行了鉴定。鉴定结果表明泗阳汉墓中的细菌种类主要有奥斯陆莫拉菌、丁香假单胞菌、自养水螺菌、肠杆菌属、魔芋食酸菌、过滤弧菌、假单胞菌等。细胞的形态主要有短杆、球形、杆状等。研究埋藏环境中土样及木样中细菌的种类、数量、分布等可以对木材的劣化机理研究提供科学的分析,为今后的物保护工作提供理论和实践上的指导。     

Ancient bacterial DNA (aDNA) in dental calculus from archaeological human remains

The purpose of this study was to identify reactive bacterial aDNA in archaeological human dental calculus. Dental calculus was collected from a middle/late Neolithic human skull from Hulbjerg passage grave, Langeland, Denmark and prepared for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or gold-labeled antibody TEM. TEM showed calcified, as well as non-calcified bacteria. Immunogold labeling occurred over the cytoplasmic portions of the sectioned bacteria. The result demonstrated that it is possible to identify aDNA sequences from bacteria in archaeological material of considerable age by this technique.     

首都博物馆空气中细菌的分离鉴定及 在文物保护中的意义

首都博物馆是北京市的窗口单位,应该营造一个舒适健康的环境, 不仅保护公众健康, 而且有利于文物保存,因此对博物馆内空气中微生物进行分离和鉴定具有重要意义。对首都博物馆内空气中微生物进行采样,分离鉴定优势细菌28株,由形态、生理生化及分子生物学结合鉴定。前两项确定细菌的基本形貌和特征,分子生物学方法得到28株细菌的16S rDNA 序列与 Genbank 中标准序列对比进一步确定种属,鉴定出所有菌与已知菌的同源性均在99%以上,且均为条件致病菌。在正常条件下不能够导致传染类疾病的发生,对观众和工作人员安全。在鉴定细菌种类的同时,根据其固体培养特征和生理生化特点,从现象到机理本质分析了细菌可能对文物造成的危害。以上工作为博物馆空气质量监测、文物保护保存环境提供参考     

陕西长安南礼王村出土壁画的微生物类群鉴定

对陕西长安南礼王村出土壁画的微生物进行了初步分析鉴定,结果表明细菌、霉菌数量几乎各半,放线菌一种。主要微生物类群为霉菌类8个;细菌类群7个,一种链霉菌。     

石质文物加固中细菌诱导碳酸钙生成的研究

为探讨细菌生物矿化法加固石质文物,利用枯草杆菌-Ⅱ在特殊含钙培养基上进行诱导矿化研究.结果表明,筛选出的菌株枯草杆菌-Ⅱ在M-3+ASP固体和液体培养基上能诱导生成白色物;白色诱导物经X-衍射分析为碳酸钙;电子显微镜下观察发现碳酸钙在细菌周围生成,并包裹细菌菌体,使细菌菌体钙化.     

Reburial of shipwrecks in marine sediments: a long-term study on wood degradation

Historical shipwrecks in marine environments are continuously decomposed by wood-degrading organisms, adapted to this specific environment. To protect the wrecks from degradation and to preserve the unique remains for future generations, reburial of wrecks using various covering materials has been suggested as a long-term preservation method. The following experiment was carried out to study the bio-protective effect of sediment. Sound oak, pine, and birch samples were buried above and within marine sediment in Marstrand harbour, and retrieved for analysis after 6, 12, 24, and 36 months. Macroscopic as well as light-microscopic examinations were carried out on each occasion. Marine borers (shipworm, Limnoria), soft rot and tunnelling bacteria were wood degraders immediately above the seabed; soft rot, tunnelling bacteria, and erosion bacteria were active 10 cm below the seabed; erosion bacteria were the only degraders at a depth of 43 cm below the seabed. The wood species had different durability towards the decay agents. After 3 years, wood samples above the seabed were totally decomposed, whereas wood was highly protected at 43 cm depth in sediment. In the sediment, decay decreased significantly with depth of burial. The results suggest that reburial of shipwrecks in marine sediment can be recommended as a simple and efficient method for long-term preservation of the wooden cultural heritage.