考古学与中国上古史重建

中国近代考古学建立之初,不免材料不足并有先天局限,但随着考古学的发展和壮大,其对中国上古史之重建的作用日益显现。以顾颉刚为代表的古史辨派对旧古史系统进行了摧毁性的批判,傅斯年、李济等人继之而起,开辟了重建之路。傅斯年为重建中国古史提供了体制保证并指明方向,李济则在理论和方法上提出了系统的方案。然而,李济等人限于当时条件,具体实践工作并不理想,而中国大陆考古学者们则做出了切实的贡献。经过60年的发展,中国田野考古学取得极大的成就,苏秉琦等学者据此提出考古学文化"区系类型理论"和中国文明"多元一体格局说",中国上古史重建已进入切实展开的时期。     

Lidar mapping and surface survey of the Izapa state on the tropical piedmont of Chiapas,Mexico

Recent lidar and pedestrian surface surveys have remapped the well-known Mesoamerican site of Izapa and the surrounding Soconusco piedmont. These data document: 1) occupation from the surrounding piedmont environment, 2) significantly larger estimates of the site's size during both the Formative and Classic periods as well as 3) new architectural features from the monumental site core. Methodological issues are outlined for combining high precision lidar mapping with ground truthing and pedestrian survey that focuses on surface collection of temporally diagnostic artifacts. Results are presented for 670 mounds documented in an area of 43.1 sq km in and around the ancient capital of Izapa.     

吕祖谦编选《古文关键》质疑

长期以来,《古关键》一书都被认为是吕祖谦所编撰。本以清徐树屏冠山堂刻本里所收无名氏的跋语为证,并通过对该书所选录的作家作品和其评论之间所存在的明显矛盾的分析,说明它很可能是先有人选录完毕,吕祖谦对之加以批论评点,再由南宋蔡子作注而完成的,并指出弄清这问题的价值和意义。     

公元前五世纪雅典法令铭文十篇译注

本文所选铭文系雅典在公元前5世纪中叶颁布的部分法令,集中反映出作为盟主之邦的雅典在政治、经济及司法等诸多方面对盟邦主权的肆意践踏,是解读该时期雅典历史的重要原始资料。国外古典学界对古希腊传世铭文的释读与研究极为重视,其中较权威的选本为R·梅格斯与D·刘易斯整理的《希腊历史铭文选》,亦是本文所依据的文本。     

吐鲁番柏孜克里克石窟所出小学书残片考证

吐鲁番柏孜克里克石窟出土汉文文书中,有古小学类文本残片三件:80TB1:304,80TB1:002a和80TB1:151,在已公布的成果中,或定名有误,或未能识别.经过比勘和研究,可以确定这些写本分别是玄应<一切经音义>抄录本、可洪<新集藏经音义随函录>摘抄增订本和<切韵>的抄本.     

Detection of parasite eggs from a moat encircling the royal palace of Silla, the ancient Korean Kingdom

We conducted a paleo-parasitological study on soil samples from the ancient moat ruins of Weolseong palace, of the Silla Dynasty (BC 57–AD 935) of Korea. Based on the cultural remains found in the mud-soil layer, the layer was precipitated onto the floor of a moat between the 5th and 8th centuries AD. We found Trichuris trichiura eggs only in that mud-soil layer, whereas no parasite eggs were identified in the other archaeological strata of the ruins. As T. trichiura eggs are shed only in human feces, we speculated that palace toilet contents were continually drained into the moat; therefore, at a certain point in time after construction, the moat finally became a ditch around the palace. Structures in the stone embankments of the moat, possibly designed to make the water flow continuously in one direction, might reflect the Silla people's efforts to alleviate the ever-increasing problems inherent in a moat.     

Hyper or hypo-masculine? Re-conceptualizing ‘hyper-masculinity’ through Seattle’s gay,leather community

This article offers a critique of the concept of hyper-masculinity and a more nuanced, place contingent, critical way to think about masculinity. I use the concept of hyper-masculinity to highlight a conceptual problem between essentialist and de-essentialized notions of gender. Constructionist notions of masculinity (and gender) do not escape the essentialist problem; however, by critiquing and offering a placed conceptualization of hyper-masculinity based on Seattle’s gay leather community, I push the boundaries of masculinity and gender to arrive at a more nuanced, embodied, place-based and contingent understanding of hyper-masculinity thereby side-stepping debates that essentialist/constructionist. Through participant-observations and ethnographic interviews with men who practice hyper-masculinity within the gay leather community in Seattle, USA, I interrogate hyper-masculinity within the community to demonstrate how it reinforces and subverts heterosexual gender roles and homonormativity.     

Ancient DNA typing shows that a Bronze Age mummy is a composite of different skeletons

Excavations at Cladh Hallan, a Bronze Age-Iron Age settlement on South Uist in the Outer Hebrides off the west coast of Scotland, revealed the skeletons of two adults, a sub-adult and a child buried beneath the foundations of three roundhouses. Osteological and isotopic evidence has shown that the male adult skeleton is a composite made up of parts of at least three different individuals. To test the hypothesis that the female skeleton was also a composite we examined ancient DNA from four of its components: the skull, mandible, right humerus and right femur. Seven polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were attempted, these covering positions 15,996–16,420, 16–132 and 232–368 of the mitochondrial DNA hypervariable I and II regions. Three PCRs were successful for each sample and a total of 55 sequences were obtained from the cloned products. After exclusion of possible contaminating sequences, the remaining 34 were compared. It was concluded that the mandible, humerus and femur come from different individuals. Insufficient data were obtained to draw conclusions regarding the origin of the skull. The presence of two composite skeletons at Cladh Hallan indicates that the merging of identities may have been a deliberate act, perhaps designed to amalgamate different ancestries into a single lineage.     

平遥古城西侧内墙夯土的病害分布特征及发育机理研究

2021年10月初山西遭到强降水天气侵袭,世界文化遗产平遥古城西侧内墙夯土遭到不同程度破坏。为明确受降水影响后内墙夯土的病害特征及发育机理,选取其中典型病害特征表现段进行分类统计和定量表征,夯土病害类型主要包括裂隙、片状剥蚀、掏蚀、生物破坏和坍塌;另外通过室内宏微观试验得到夯土的工程特性,将其与定量表征结果进行统计学回归分析,得到病害的产生和发育机理。裂隙的产生与冻融循环引起的塑性变形量有关;片状剥蚀的产生与黏粒含量呈负相关;墙体中下部掏蚀的产生与易溶盐含量呈正相关;对于坍塌,一部分由各病害发育演化导致,另一部分由雨水入渗后夯土颗粒间的黏聚力降低导致。最终建立了平遥古城西侧内墙夯土的病害框架体系,为其科学保护和针对性修缮加固提供科学依据。