天然氧化铜矿与铜制品腐蚀产物区别的探讨

在一些新石器时代的遗址中经常会出现一些铜渣、小块孔雀石等与炼铜有关的遗物。为探究这些孔雀石到底是天然的氧化铜矿还是铜制品的腐蚀产物,本工作对天然氧化铜矿和青铜器腐蚀产物进行岩相分析和元素成分分析。结果表明,天然氧化铜矿大都具有一些特殊的结构构造,而在铜制品的腐蚀产物中却很难发现这些结构构造;同时,二者在元素成分上也有显著不同,Bi、Sb、As、Fe、Mo、Co、Mn等微量元素可以作为区分天然氧化铜矿和青铜器腐蚀产物的一个判别标志。结合岩相分析和成分分析,可以确定一个遗址出土的孔雀石或蓝铜矿是天然氧化铜矿还是铜制品的腐蚀产物;同时,可进一步判断是红铜的腐蚀产物还是青铜的。这一结论对探讨铜冶金的起源有重要意义。     

21世纪以来古陶瓷科技考古研究新进展(中)

三物相分析物相分析的方法有两种,第一种是岩相分析方法,第二种是X射线衍射分析法(XRD)。在古代瓷器研究中,物相分析主要应用在陶器以及瓷器的早期发展阶段——原始瓷的研究中。当烧造温度过高时、胎釉中的大部分矿物会发生相变,影响岩相分析数据。1.岩相分析岩相分析方法借用于地质学中岩石薄片研究方法。此方法从20世纪20年代就开始被应用在古代陶瓷的研究中。21世纪初,岩相分析开始被介绍并应用到国内的考古研究当中、以尝试分析不同地区、各种类型的陶瓷制品。     

内蒙古敖汉旗兴隆沟遗址出土陶器岩相与成分的初步分析

内蒙古敖汉旗兴隆沟遗址是辽西地区史前研究的重要遗址之一,对该遗址出土陶器进行科技分析有助于进一步认识该地区史前陶器工艺发展及文化演变。通过对兴隆沟遗址三个地点出土陶器的岩相和成分进行分析,可知该遗址从兴隆洼文化、红山文化到夏家店下层文化制陶工艺有显著差异,不同文化时期采用了不同的制陶黏土,夏家店下层文化时期工艺表现出明显进步。     

石峁遗址皇城台东护墙北段出土陶器的成分与岩相分析

本文对石峁遗址皇城台东护墙北段出土陶器进行了成分和岩相分析。结果显示,陶器原料主要为低铝易熔黏土,钙含量较低者可能使用古土壤制成;少量钙含量较高者则使用第三纪红黏土。个别样品黏土中粉砂含量很低,可能与河流冲积土或原料反复淘洗有关。罐和豆多为泥质陶,鬲和盆则多夹砂,羼合料类型包括砂质、沉积岩、铁镁质岩屑和熟料等。本次分析样品出土地点相对集中,但其羼合料和粘土种类均较为多样,显示其可能来源于多个制陶作坊。     

杭州南宋遗址出土官窑类瓷片的科技研究

本文采用荧光能谱仪(EDXRF)测试了杭州卷烟厂、严官巷、吴庄和太庙四处南宋遗址出土的官窑类瓷片的胎釉元素组成;并根据胎体元素分类情况,制备了光学薄片,运用偏光显微镜对部分官窑瓷片的胎体进行了岩相分析。在此基础上,本文对杭州这些遗址出土官窑类瓷片的窑口问题进行了初步讨论。结果表明四处南宋遗址出土的56块官窑类瓷片当中,有48块样品可能为杭州两窑烧造,而有8块样品的胎体元素组成更接近龙泉黑胎青瓷,结合判别分析和岩相分析结果,这八块样品为龙泉窑烧造的可能性更大,但具体窑口尚需进一步研究。     

郑州小双桥遗址出土长方形穿孔石器的岩相特征

天然材料中,岩石以其独特的、相对优异的物理性质而成为早期人类生存繁衍的必然选择。岩石制成的石器不仅在"三代"及史前人类的日常生产生活中占有极其重要的地位,而且在史前人类政治、军事和宗教活动中也起着不可替代的作用。然而,作为考古学重要研究领域的石器研究却未能受到科技考古学家足够的重视。本文采用岩相技术,对郑州小双桥遗址出土的长方形穿孔石器和石镰等农具作了比较分析,其结果指出,两者的岩相基本相同,暗示其石料可能源自同一区域。     

焦作马村汉墓和白庄汉墓出土彩绘陶仓楼的科技分析

河南省焦作马村汉墓和白庄汉墓出土彩绘陶仓楼数量众多,类型丰富。为了科学保护修复彩绘陶仓楼,通过X射线衍射仪,X射线荧光分析仪,岩相分析,热膨胀测试等技术手段对这批彩绘陶仓楼进行了深入分析。研究发现,这批陶器为当地取土烧制的加砂陶,陶片结构较密实,器物制作以模为主,部分是模制后粘贴而成,吸水率和表气孔率较高,烧成温度和岩相分析发现陶片有釉化现象。研究成果可为后续保护修复处理彩绘彩绘陶仓楼提供参考和借鉴。     

河南荥阳官庄遗址陶范物源及制作工艺分析

Guanzhuang site is located in the west of Guanzhuang Village, Gaocun Township, Xingyang City, Henan Province. From the site, more than 3 000 pottery moulds have been unearthed, with various types, including the moulds for containers, tools, chariots, weapons, money and core, etc. According to the types and decorations of pottery moulds and the characteristics of co - existing pottery, the pottery moulds of Guanzhuang site can be divided into two periods—Phase I dating from the late Western Zhou Dynasty to the early Spring and Autumn Period, and phase TJ considered between the early and middle Spring and Autumn Period. The change of bronze ware styles from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Spring and Autumn Period was important in the development of ancient Chinese bronze wares. Due to the lack of archaeological data, research on pottery moulds during the two - week period was still insufficient; discussion of the important issue of standardizing the sources of raw materials was also relatively weak. Environmental archaeology has relatively mature methods and practices in depositional dynamics, depositional processes and provenance tracing, which could provide new ideas for further in - depth discussions on this issue. In order to understand the material sources and craftsmanship of pottery moulds unearthed from Guanzhuang site in Xingyang, Henan Province, samples of Guanzhuang pottery moulds and natural sedimentary strata were studied using particle size analysis, XRF and petrographic analysis to give the following results. 1) The raw materials for mould - making were taken from the late Pleistocene Malan loess layer under the cultural layer of the site. The Malan loess underwent simple manual elutriation before being used to make pottery moulds. 2) A small amount of plant ash and calcium nodule powder was added during the production process of pottery moulds as an admixture to increase the high - temperature resistance. 3) The inner side of pottery mould for container was mainly made of Malan loess, while the outer one was made of a mixture of Malan loess and river sand with a blending ratio of about 7:5. Pottery moulds for various ware types had different processing techniques (e.g., moulds for containers were more refined). Besides, compared with early pottery moulds, later ones are relatively rougher, but the difference is not obvious. 4) The petrographic characteristics of double - layer container moulds indicate that there are different production processes for the inner and outer sides of mould. The inner side was made of Malan loess with finer particles—below 100 μm—as the raw material after elutriation, and there were traces of directional trimming. The outer one was made of a mixture of two parts of minerals (coarse and fine), and there was no obvious processing trace. Analysis of sample particle size is a new attempt to discuss the material sources of pottery moulds. The related discussion of mud - clarifying ponds is also helpful to understand the function of such relics and the formation process of accumulation in them. This study has important reference significance for exploring the material and craft characteristics of pottery moulds before and after the early Spring and Autumn Period in the Central Plains. © 2023, Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology. All Rights Reserved.