在朝或居乡:元末明初师儒汪叡的出处选择

元明易代之际儒者的出处选择,不仅取决于个体的心性特质,更是当事人的身份背景和行事经历的反映.晚明史籍常将婺源汪叡视为明代开国时期重要的循良师儒,但却忽略了他对于洪武朝廷所秉持的疏离态度.元末动乱使汪叡有机会从默默无闻的乡儒崛起为绥靖地方的精英,但这一经历在明初却同样给他带来了无法避免的政治困境,以至于汪叡虽然曾短暂入仕,却始终难以充分建立对新朝的政治认同.     

A Minimax Method for Finding the k Best “Differentiated” Paths

In real-world applications, the k-shortest-paths between a pair of nodes on a network will often be slight variations of one another. This could be a problem for many path-based models, particularly those on capacitated networks where different routing alternatives are needed that are less likely to encounter the same capacity constraints. This paper develops a method to solve for k differentiated paths that are relatively short and yet relatively different from one another, but not necessarily disjoint. Our method utilizes the sum of a path's distance plus some fraction of its shared distance with each other path. A minimax algorithm is used to select the path whose largest sum of length, plus shared length vis-à-vis each previously selected path, is as small as possible. We present computational results for the Chinese railway system, comparing the paths generated by a standard k-shortest-path algorithm with those from our new model.     

Tracing the origin of Chinese early white porcelain in the late sixth century—evidence from Xing kiln

As the criterion used by archaeologists for determining early white porcelain is quite ambiguous, the origin of Chinese white porcelain remains a point of disagreement. In this study, we systematically investigate 61 typical Xing porcelains of the late Northern dynasties to the early Sui dynasty (550–600 CE) using spectrophotometer, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and analyze the differences between early white porcelain and celadon of Xing kiln in terms of their whiteness and raw materials characteristic. The results show that early white porcelain is a new type of ware that differs from celadon, which can be distinguished by whiteness, with a whiteness greater than 8% being early white porcelain and a whiteness less than 8% being celadon. It is assumed that the ancient potters created the whiter wares based on celadon by improving the glaze and selecting new raw materials for the body, but the production of this type of ware was short lived and subsequently refined in the Sui dynasty (581–618 CE) owing to the limited improvement in whiteness.     

韩国迁都宜阳、阳翟考辨

从战国初年的历史形势和韩国的发展战略出发,考虑韩国灭郑的军事策略,结合考古材料,韩国迁都宜阳、阳翟的记载应是可信的。对文献记载的混乱现象应予以全新解读:韩国迁都宜阳、阳翟的时候,平阳作为政治中心在继续使用。换言之,韩国在保持平阳都城地位的同时,迁都宜阳、阳翟,以此来服务灭郑的军事战争。宜阳和阳翟是具有浓厚军事色彩的临时性都城,带有战时陪都的性质。     

伪色诺芬《雅典政制》史料价值初探

伪色诺芬《雅典政制》作为公元前5世纪后期雅典的历史文献,对于研究雅典政治状况、原提洛同盟"盟邦"与雅典的关系以及探析民主政治的实质具有重要的史料价值。作者主要从平民的权利、海上霸权两个方面论述雅典民主制保持完好的原因,评述"盟邦"主权遭到雅典侵夺的历史事实,从而证明雅典民主制乃是建立在全体雅典人对非雅典人剥削、奴役基础之上的。当政者所采取种种强化民主的措施,其目的都是为了维护雅典人的根本利益。     

俄罗斯外国劳务移民与中国移民研究

论文利用俄罗斯联邦移民局和联邦统计局的数据,采用统计分析法,探讨近年来俄罗斯移民尤其是劳务移民的数量、结构、地区分布、从事行业以及中国移民在俄罗斯的发展状况,指出了俄罗斯在制定移民政策存在的弊端,并从"现有移民政策的局限"和"有效管理外国劳务移民"等方面提出了对策建议。认为一国移民政策的制定和调整应符合该国经济和人口发展的大局,而且要认识到移民是在经济全球化大背景下,促进区域经济一体化的重要力量。     

试论《武王践祚》的文本流变

《上海博物馆藏战国楚竹书》(七)所收《武王践祚》,实为两种战国"简本"(甲本和乙本)的合抄。传世本则是参考了这两种简本,合编整理而成。与甲本相比,乙本在叙事及文字上更接近于原始的记录,成文应早于甲本。但甲本与乙本之间并没有直接的文本传承关系,应是两系文本发展的不同形态。参照乙本,可以推测《武王践祚》的原初结构,并不包括武王勒铭段。从文献体裁及文章内容看,甲本及传世本的这一段文字,应是合编自其他文献。《武王践祚》三个本子的比较研究显示,早期文献在流传过程中,不仅存在着文字的增饰、丢失与改动等现象,同时还存在着同种文献不同形态的合编整理甚至是不同文献的合并现象。这对我们认识早期文献形成及流传的特殊性,并进而讨论早期文献的史料价值,无疑具有重要的参考意义。     

元代徽州路的军功家族

文章利用《汪氏渊源录》和《回岭汪氏宗谱》以及相关元代文集为主要参考资料,研究了元代徽州路的军功家族群体,尤其是其中的典型个案———婺源回岭汪氏。作者认为婺源回岭汪元龙、汪元圭兄弟在宋元易代之际,因为归附蒙元及“保障乡里”之功走上致身荣显的仕宦之路,他们不仅自身建立了可观的权势,而且有效地将之世代传承,以与元朝统治相始终,最终使婺源回岭汪氏家族成为“朱紫满庭”的“新安巨室”。在元代的徽州,类似的军功家族分布广泛,人数众多,深具影响。他们的出现,与元代统治者重视“根脚”的政治铨选原则紧密相关,与那些在蒙元征服战争中出现的“汉军世家”具有相似的来源和特点。     

AN ECOLOGICAL SAFETY SHELTER ESTABLISHED ON THE SNOWY HIGHLAND

<正>On the snowy highland,the splendid view of mountains and waters vie with each other;the birds and beasts stroll idly as in a courtyard,and the flourishing woods and grasses stretch as far as the eyes can see.Is"Shambhala"a fairyland?Over the years,the central government and Tibet have focused on protecting the highland ecology and have attained impressive achievements.Under the blue sky