THE IMPACT OF POLICIES TO CONTROL MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSIONS IN MUMBAI,INDIA*

ABSTRACT This paper examines the impacts of measures to reduce emissions from buses, cars, and two‐wheelers in Mumbai, India. We have considered three possible policies: conversion of diesel buses to CNG, an increase in the price of gasoline and a tax on vehicle ownership. Our results suggest that the most effective policy to reduce emissions from passenger vehicles—in terms of the total number of tons of PM10 reduced—is to convert diesel buses to CNG. The conversion of 3,391 diesel buses to CNG would result in an emissions reduction of 663 tons of PM10 per year, 14 percent of total emissions from transport.     

Persistence of the cultural landscape in Campania (Southern Italy) before the AD 472 Vesuvius eruption: archaeoenvironmental data

Cultural landscapes were prominent during the Early Roman period when agronomic knowledge allowed the spread of intensive land exploitation in most of the available land. The aim of this contribution is to explore whether for the Campania region (Southern Italy) archaeoenvironmental data would support continuity or change in the cultural landscape of Roman tradition in the 4th and 5th centuries. To do so, new data from two sites located on the northern slopes of the Vesuvius, both buried by the AD 472 eruption have been investigated. Charcoal analysis, ¹⁴C dating, and chemical analysis of organic residues were carried out in order to study the landscape and the food production at these sites. The results suggest the persistence of the Roman cultural landscape until the 4th and 5th centuries in this area. The landscape is in fact strongly marked both in agriculture and woodland exploitation and management, being characterized by managed chestnut forests as well as valuable cultivations of walnut, large vineyards, olive groves, and probably orchards and crops. The integrated approach with archaeobotanical and archaeometric analyses proves to be a powerful method for the study of the past landscapes, providing a good insight into the environment. Furthermore, this study provided the most ancient evidence of chestnut silviculture for wood.     

中国民众宗教的传播及其在越南的本土化——汉喃研究院所藏诸经卷简介

本文通过对汉喃研究院收藏相关经卷的研究,探讨中国民众宗教传播到越南的可能途径以及越南本土对这些经卷的传写和刊刻及编译。汉喃收藏民间宗教经卷包括中国的先天道经卷,以及越南编译改写的弥勒救世的民间经卷。前者应当与福建、广东侨民中先天道有关,而后者则超越了华侨的圈子,经过越南本土宗教家的改造利用,参与和推动了当地的社会改良和民族主义运动,是研究殖民统治下的越南下层知识分子和宗教家在社会文化方面艰难探索的重要文献。     

凭"活体实验"获得博士学位的医师

池田苗夫曾是日本关东军第七三一部队（细菌部队）的一名军医,并在这支部队服役多年。战后,他利用在七三一部队进行人体实验的资料发表学术论文并获得了新潟大学的医学博士学位。文章介绍了池田苗夫参与七三一部队进行人体实验的活动的一些基本情况并呼吁日本医学界进行反省。