古文字诠释的一种新方法——以■(■)字为例

文字考释是甲骨文研究的基础工作,是甲骨学前进的基础条件。自甲骨文发现以来,文字考释取得了巨大的成绩。但随着有较多资料可资佐证的文字的被解读,剩余文字的破译越来越难,甲骨文字考释面临很大的困难。据粗略统计,甲骨文共有单字约四千多个,得到考释的约两千个,得到学界公认的约一千余个。还有大约一半文字没有得到考释,这其中有相当一部分即是因为这些文字只见甲骨文,后来不再被使用,缺乏传承和沿革的历史脉络,缺乏足够的材料推考其字义。对这部分文字的考释,只能依靠甲骨文本身,这就要求在考释方法上加以创新。高嶋谦一《古文字诠释的一种新方法——以■(■)字为例》一文另辟蹊径,提出一种新的文字方法。作者认为■和■、■非一字,■字没有形成自己的历史演变脉络,无法从传承关系上确定其读音和意义,而只能从■的用法和上下文语境中探求其含义。作者通过考察卜辞发现■和■在用法上是对立的。■用于被动句,为"被视为宾客招待",■前的成分为受事主语,受事主语是地位较低的神灵。由此推论■意为"被使就座",其前的成分也是受事主语,而受事主语是地位较高的神灵。古文字考释方法已经十分成熟,孙诒让、罗振玉、唐兰、于省吾等前辈都做过精彩的总结。将文字置于文中推求其义的文字考释方法,许多先生已经提出并用于实践,证明是一种有效的方法。但是,这种方法原来只是作为音、形、义三要素中字义一项的扩充,没有作为一种独立的方法。而面对那些无前承和后继关系的文字,用传统的音、形、义推考的方法,无法找到演变规律,很难考释。如何充分发掘和利用这部分甲骨文字本身所带有的信息,就成为文字考释必须解决的问题。高嶋谦一提出利用文字语境考释,不仅考虑了本字的上下文关系,而且利用不同字之间的横向对比,由相类的资料推勘一字的字义,扩大了文字考释的视野。甲骨文字考释面临方法上的瓶颈,加强方法创新是值得探索的课题。本文是文字考释新方法的探索,对于日后的文字考释很有意义。但适用范围和具体操作程序还需要学者们在考释文字实践中验证。     

The Probabilistic Minisum Flow Interception Problem: Minimizing the Expected Travel Distance until Intercept under Probabilistic Interception

We develop a variant of the flow interception problem (FIP) in which it is more desirable for travelers to be intercepted as early as possible in their trips. In addition, we consider flows being intercepted probabilistically instead of the deterministic view of coverage assumed in the FIP literature. We call the proposed model the probabilistic minisum FIP (PMFIP); it involves minimizing the sum of the expected distance that each flow travels until intercepted at a facility among placed facilities. This extension allows us to evaluate the effect of facility location under any given value of the interception probability and to apply the model to a variety of situations. We apply the proposed model to an example network by assuming a hypothetical situation in which people gather at a stadium from various nodes on the network, and receive some goods or services on the way to the stadium. We analyze optimal solutions obtained by varying the number of facilities and interception probability. It is shown that the expected travel distance until intercept is greatly reduced by means of a few optimally located facilities under a moderate interception probability.