A journey to Mars: John Dewey’s lectures and inquiry in China

ABSTRACT

Instead of the framework of influence–acceptance commonly used in previous studies, the author uses new sources to reexamine John Dewey’s visit to China from the perspective of interactive experience. This study presents Dewey’s lectures in China as the result of interrelationships among a variety of elements – Columbia University, different hosts and audiences, the media, all levels of the Chinese government, the domestic situation in the United States, the international situation, and Dewey’s expectations and work – against the general background of China’s New Culture Movement and new educational reforms. Dewey’s speeches on democracy, science, and new education were remarkably successful in the first year of his visit to China, but began to meet with resistance from some students beginning in June 1920. Because of the Red Scare in the United States, Dewey had to stay in China. In the second year of his visit, he gave warmly welcomed lectures on the same topics in Jiangxi, Fujian, and Guangdong Provinces. With a deeper understanding of China, Dewey not only identified himself with reform plans but also began to pay more attention to China’s economic problems. His inquiry into the problems confronting China is a good example of what he advocated in his lectures: seeing democracy, science, and new education as a way of thinking and carrying out actions and making intellectual choices while moving forward.     

明前期“相对宽松”的筑城政策探论——以湖广地区为例

洪武年间,湖广各府级中心城治、西南少数民族等"寇乱"为患地区率皆设立卫所、筑城守御,并辅以巡检司、土司等多重防御力量。在其障护之下,腹里州县安全无虞,实无修固城防之必要。自洪武朝以至宣德朝,湖广地区修筑、维护城池主要限于驻军各地,对于其他众多普通州县并未从严要求,各地不修城的情形相当普遍。正是洪武朝奠定的颇为严密的区域安全防御体系保障了地方安定,为明前期实行这种相对宽松的筑城政策创造了条件。一些学者所谓明代"一贯积极、严厉的"筑城政策似乎并不完全切合明前期的实际。     

汉代建筑上的屋脊装饰

汉代建筑特别注重屋顶上的装饰,特别是建筑的屋脊。汉代建筑上的屋脊出现了正脊凤鸟、三角形火焰珠;在"反宇"屋面出现了鸱尾;垂脊上有了起翘装饰。汉代屋脊上的装饰除了美化建筑之外,还有着吉祥的象征意义。     

短评二则

《近代中国学术思想史》解说今人所谓学术思想史,大都各人的见识,而不等于历史的事实。不仅后人的著述如此,即使当事者的记录,立场不同,看法各异,至多只能存此一说,反映了史事的某些方面,而不能断言全部事实就是如此或只是如此。之所以横看成岭侧成峰,原因还在各人所处位置及其见识的远近高低各不同,时空位置有异,心中形象有别。将高下之分认作见仁见智固然有害,高明者的英雄所见略同之下,也不止是小歧,梁启超与钱穆关于中国近三百年学术史的看法迥异,便是显例。要在走马灯式的历史图卷和万花筒般的历史认识中学会四面看山,八面受敌,从你方…     

宁明花山岩画区危岩体稳定研究

花山岩画区的危岩体的存在严重危及古岩画的保存和游客的安全,使得旅游业遭到重创。为了对区内危岩体状态做出评价,并为其后期治理工程提供依据,通过对岩画区的环境地质条件和病害成因的调查,结合危岩体的形态和结构特征,分析得出了区内危岩体崩塌破坏的三种模式为倾倒式崩塌、错断式崩塌和拉裂式崩塌,并提出了不同破坏模式的力学模型。应用极限平衡法对不同破坏模式的危岩体进行了稳定性计算分析,得出区内危岩体大部分处于欠稳定状态,须进行治理。最后提出了危岩体的防治原则与措施。     

我国最早向西方“佛朗机”学习的人──汪鋐传略考

本文简要介绍了汪 的生平传略,并认为他是中国最早率军抗击西方葡萄牙殖民者“佛朗机”入侵的要臣,也是引进西方先进武器：“佛朗机铳”并进行大规模推广使用的第一人。     

李家崖文化年代再议

李家崖文化典型器类与晚商早期商式铜、陶器的共存关系表明,李家崖文化的年代上限应为殷墟一期,该文化早期与朱开沟文化晚期部分器物形制接近,也表明两种文化之间年代紧密衔接。李家崖文化晚期出现的弧裆鬲与仿铜风格的鬲、鼎分属先周文化和殷商文化因素,据此可推定李家崖文化的年代下限为西周早期,相关文献中关于"鬼方"等北方部族的描述也与上述认识契合。     

中国外资银行空间网络演化的结构特征及其影响因素

本文基于外资银行网点数据,借鉴连锁型网络模型,构建了1990年、2001年和2015年中国外资银行空间网络并分析演化结构特征,最后借助条件Logit模型探讨了外资银行空间分布的影响因素。研究表明：①中国外资银行空间网络小世界网络特征明显,具有较大的集聚系数和较小的平均路径长度,网络中局域小集团网络化特征和核心-边缘结构明显。②随着网络规模的平稳增长,网络的有序性呈现出增强趋势,网络中金融连接度和金融可达性增加,金融传输效率和组织效率进一步提高,核心-边缘结构现象有所加剧。③外资银行空间分布的主导因素在不同时期不一样,1990年主导因素是市场机会和区位效应,2001年和2015年的主导因素是金融集聚,但指标的具体影响概率有所降低。     

简论1929年的《工厂法》

1929年南京国民政府颁布的<工厂法>,是20世纪20年代未30年代初工人生存状况十分恶劣、劳资矛盾尖锐、工人运动勃兴及国际国内社会舆论所造成的压力与推力的结果,在一定程度上反映了南京政府初期秉承孙中山新三民主义、维护劳工权利的初衷.该法具有移植性、继承和超越性、超前性等特点.它的制订使民国法制更趋完备,也将现代国家的建构向前推进了一步.     

Imperial power, gentry power and clan power: Western and Chinese cultural traditions in a comparative perspective

The differences between China and Western countries in human and physical environment has brought about two distinctive models of state. In the Chinese-style state of quasi-consanguinity, in which family and state have a similar structure, imperial power, gentry power, and clan power are the product of common ownership of consanguineous groups. The similarity in the structures of these three kinds of power derives from the fact that they are all restricted by the power of lineage generated from the self-sufficient small farmer economy, and must obey the conventions of ancestors which hold the benefits of the group as supreme. The relationship between these three kinds of power, is definitely not the one that is based on the division of power that is founded on individual private ownership in Western countries, where ‘public power’ and ‘individual private ownership’ are antithetic, but are three aspects of the patriarchal dictatorship that complement each other. Therefore, village rule in China and autonomy in the West are two totally different concepts, and gentry power is also not the ‘authorized power’ from the state. __________ Translated from the Journal of Tianjin Normal University, 2004: 1