A Cost-Based Ripley’s <Emphasis Type="Italic">K</Emphasis> Function to Assess Social Strategies in Settlement Patterning

Most quantitative approaches to distributional analysis in archaeology assume a homogeneous study surface that is amenable to easy generalisations. This framework has been widely used to describe settlement processes, disregarding the spatial heterogeneity inherent to geographic reality. In other words, researchers have often assumed that the correlation between the elements of a spatial distribution is a function of the Euclidean distance (i.e. straight line distance) between them. Other archaeological studies have tested alternative measures to Euclidean distances, such as cost-based ones, both to describe optimal routes and to assess spatial autocorrelation in a point pattern. Nevertheless, until now there has been no suitable model to introduce these measures into spatial statistical equations. In order to overcome this obstacle, we approach the implementation problem inversely by embedding the spatial pattern under study into a Euclidean frame of reference based on its cost-distance pairwise matrix. This paper describes the application of this methodology on one of the main tools used by archaeologists to assess settlement patterns: Ripley’s K function. We present two case studies, covering both macroscale and mesoscale, with significant variations in the results depending on the use of the Euclidean or cost-based approach. Data, functions and results have been R-packaged for the sake of reproducibility and reusability, allowing other researchers to build upon our methods.     

HOME-BASED MEDICAL SERVICES GET POPULAR IN LHASA

正Whenever anybody feels uncomfortable,a doctor,once called,will immediately come to provide his or her services.As part of the new wave of doctors providing their services to smaller communities,"homebased doctors"are gradually being introduced to common civilian homes.At present,Lhasa City has been positively promoted the home-     

浅析《诗经》中的玉文化

本文整理了《诗经》中与玉有关的文献资料,并根据不同的功用,将其分为装饰物、祭祀用器、指代美好事物、身份的象征、用于社会交往、赏赐品等六类,认为其主要反映出周人的用玉观念。通过对这些资料及其所反映的玉文化的分析,可以得出几点认识:《周礼》中关于祭祀用六器的记载确有其事;玉器作为礼器有着其特定的使用环境;而周代以玉用于赏赐和社会交往的文化功能,为我们审视墓葬出土玉器提供了新的思考角度。     

江苏邳州蘑菇顶D1发掘与相关问题研究

2015年6月,南京博物院、邳州市博物馆联合对江苏省邳州市蘑菇顶D1进行发掘,清理了两座墓葬,推测其时代分别为东汉时期(M1)和春秋战国时期(M2)。墓葬多次遭盗掘,没有出土随葬品,仅在盗洞中发现一些残器。M2应为古徐国大型墓葬;墓底有较小方坑,墓道、墓室为多次分块夯筑,这种墓葬结构与夯筑方式较为独特、少见。这一发现对于徐州地区春秋战国时期墓葬研究,特别是古徐国葬制、葬俗具有重要的意义。     

红河谷，爱情之谷

在我的眼里,红河大峡谷是最美、最神秘的大峡谷了。千百年来,红河这条发源于大理市巍山县境内的国际大河流,经过新平、元江等县后流入红河哈尼族彝族自治州境内后,在到达河口县汇入越南为止时的这一区域,那奔腾不息的红河水在以鬼斧神工的技艺创造出狭长、险峻的红河大峡谷这独特的地理、美景之时,也哺育了生活在大峡谷两岸的傣族、哈尼族、彝族等各族人民,孕育出了各族人民奇异、独特、神秘的民族文化。     

史前时期的玉蝉

本文依据所能收集到的考古资料,对史前时期的玉蝉进行了类型划分,分析了史前玉蝉的分布和区域特点,认为史前玉蝉的发展大体可分为新石器时代中期、新石器时代晚期和铜石并用时代三个阶段,使用玉蝉随葬寄托了古人对灵魂再生的希望,同时也是体现基主人身份、地位和财富的一个重要标志。     

怀念·景仰·继承--沉痛悼念女真满学一代大师金啟孮先生

惊悉恩师爱新觉罗(金)·啟孮先生,不幸于2004年4月9日凌晨谢世,噩耗传来,万分震惊而悲恸,潸然泪下,我不敢相信这是真的,难以抑制悲惋之情,含泪写下这篇怀念、哀思和景仰恩师的文字,以志哀情。我与恩师启攵先生结识交往已有26个春秋了。那是1978年初秋,我有幸在内蒙古大学蒙古史研究室向金先生进修女真文、满文与金史二年,深受先生的言传身教、提携和教诲,无论是严谨治学,还是忠厚为人,都受到很深的教育和启迪,对先生的渊深、功底笃厚、学识渊博和为人品德多所了解。先生出身于名门之后,家学渊深存厚。他生于北京满族爱新觉罗家庭,为清高宗…     

Sourcing copper ores for production of bronzes excavated at Shuangyantang,a Western Zhou (1046–771 <Emphasis Type="SmallCaps">bc</Emphasis>) site in Chongqing (Southwest China): evidence from lead isotope analysis

Energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and lead isotope analyses were applied to 12 Western Zhou (1046–771 bc) bronzes unearthed from the Shuangyantang site in Wushan County, Chongqing (southwest China), to investigate their chemical compositions and possible mineral source(s). The results showed that (1) the investigated bronzes were mostly bronzes with low, common lead and (2) their lead isotopic values almost all fall into a relatively narrow range, suggesting possibly the use of raw materials from a common copper mine. The comparison between lead isotopic values for Shuangyantang bronzes and those already published for copper mines and other bronzes produced and used about at the same times leads us to believe that the Shuangyantang bronzes probably used the same copper ores as used in bronzes from the Peng and Jin states in Shanxi Province. However, it would not be possible at this point to come up with a clear idea of where exactly these copper ores may come from. Candidate copper mines might be the Tonglvshan mines in Hubei Province, the Zhongtiaoshan mines in Shanxi Province, or the Dajing copper mines in Inner Mongolia.     

试论西部非物质文化遗产保护立法的社会价值

西部非物质文化遗产保护的地方性立法,以协调西部经济开发与文化保护、非物质文化遗产传承人利益与社会公共利益、商业开发与原真性保护等诸多关系为宗旨,是完善西部开发法律保障体系的重要举措,必将对西部少数民族文化权利维护、经济社会可持续发展及文化多样性格局的形成产生积极影响。     

广州市会展旅游产业集聚过程及形成机理研究

旅游产业集聚有助于提升区域整体竞争力,促进区域经济持续发展和进一步优化旅游产业空间结构。论文在界定会展旅游产业集聚的基础上,揭示了广州市会展旅游产业集聚过程和形成机理。研究发现,广交会推进广州旅游产业集聚发展。广州会展旅游产业集聚过程经历集聚核形成阶段、点轴集聚阶段和网络集聚阶段,在不同发展阶段影响产业集聚主要因素存在显著不同。政府行为推动会展旅游产业集聚雏形形成,激增旅游需求、集聚规模经济、外部经济以及降低交易费用等因素促进产业集聚逐渐向点轴集聚发展。在网络集聚阶段,集聚不规模效应以及琶洲展馆的全面启用造成旅游企业数量趋于稳定。会展旅游产业集聚是以展馆为核心集聚,展馆在城市中空间布局的变化将导致该类集聚空间迁移。