Locating Vehicle Inspection Stations to Protect a Transportation Network

We develop a new conceptual approach to locating inspection stations for hazardous vehicles, prevention, and compare it to the previous, punitive, philosophy of the flow-capturing location model. We implement this preventive protection philosophy with a new mixed integer program that maximizes hazard avoidance by locating a number of inspection stations to detect and remove hazardous vehicles as early in their trips as possible. We test the model's performance and analyze the spatial characteristics of solutions simulating several potential applications. Our computations demonstrate that a relaxed integer-linear program is overly demanding computationally and that a simple greedy heuristic lacks robustness. We suggest further approaches to developing more powerful and efficient solution methods.     

《古代的交互作用:欧亚大陆的东部与西部》述评

最近 ,英国剑桥大学麦克唐纳研究所出版《古代的交互作用 :欧亚大陆的东部与西部》文集 ,它集中展示了欧亚大陆的考古及东西文化交流的最新成果。 1998年以来 ,剑桥大学举办了 3次大型国际会议 ,内容涉及欧亚大陆史前学、人类学、语言和文化。本书为 2 0 0 0年“史前后期欧亚草原的开发”会议文集。由著名考古学家伦福儒教授作序 ,收入不同国家学者的文章 2 1篇 ,全面介绍了欧亚草原新石器晚期至铁器时代初的考古发现和的研究成果 ;另有部分文章涉及该区域内的植物考古学与人种学的Y染色体DNA分析     

北洋政府时期的将军府及将军名号的封授述论

北洋政府时期,袁世凯为灵活解决全国军官的外放内调,特设将军府,虽明颁《将军府编制令》,但该机关在国家军事政治生活中并不能起到应有作用,只是中央政府笼络大小武人的一种手段。将军名号的封授,并不完全按照军功进行,而是充斥着权力的纠葛纷争。因并无实权,故北洋军政要员对管理将军府事务这一虚职纷纷避让。日形局促中的将军府终在存续十余年后于段祺瑞"执政"时代废止。张作霖为安抚手下,再启将军封授声浪,但已与昔日将军府无大干系。该制度推行未及半载,即随着北洋政府在全国统治的结束而无形废止。关于将军府研究,前辈学者已有一些研究,但或语焉不详,或有"拔高"及不确之处,兹于本文试作梳理。     

从中西风筝艺术发展轨迹看中西文化传统的差异

风筝艺术在中西方经历了不同的发展轨迹。风筝在中国被看作是一种具有丰富精神内涵与艺术境界的民艺品物,它的普及伴随的是风筝与民间艺术、民间信仰的融合,而在西方则被视作是一种对大自然奥秘进行探索的物质力量,其普及是风筝与西方科学相结合的结果。这种社会功用上的不同使中西方风筝在艺术特色上也迥然有别。中西方不同的地域环境导致的哲学基础、思维方式及社会制度的不同,是中西方风筝发展轨迹和艺术特色产生差异的文化基础。     

明代"九边"宣大军事防务区的形成

明代"九边"的宣府、大同二镇,因地理区位和明蒙对峙的军事态势形成一体化的军事防务区.这一防务区"拱卫京师",战略地位十分重要,直接导致了协调区域军事防务的宣大总督设置.     

宋代名志嘉定《赤城志》的历史价值

陈耆卿的嘉定《赤城志》与宋代其他方志相比,具有自己的独特价值,被誉为一代名志。一是体例更加完备,该志分15门,门下又设目,将地方的自然山川、历史沿革、赋役军防、风土人物等内容网罗殆尽,其中有的门如"冢墓门"、"纪遗门"、"辨误门"出于作者的创造,它志几乎没有,更是可以看出该志在体例上的完整。二是作者作为南宋"岿然为世宗"的文章家,其文学才华运用于该志的撰写中,使得该志"词旨博赡,笔法精严","叙述咸中体裁",章法更加严谨,文笔也更加优美。三是作者作为一代英儒,其借古鉴今、经世济民的意识非常强烈,其微言大义贯注于该志的撰写中,使得该志的资鉴色彩更为浓厚。鉴往知来,嘉定《赤城志》的历史经验可以为当下的志书编纂提供借鉴。     

Special alloys from remote frontiers of the Shang Kingdom: scientific study of the Hanzhong bronzes from southwest Shaanxi, China

More than 200 bronze objects found in Hanzhong, southwest Shaanxi Province, China, a frontier region of the Shang Kingdom during the Shang dynasty, have been analysed for their composition and microstructure. Forty-three typologically distinct, and probably culturally indigenous, items have been found to be compositionally distinctive as well. This paper presents analytical results of the two types of local Hanzhong bronzes, namely the sickle-shaped and sceptre-shaped objects. Three special alloys, arsenic bronze, antimonial bronze and copper–nickel–arsenic ternary alloy, are particularly emphasized and discussed. The archaeological context of Hanzhong bronzes and their significance for the archaeometallurgy research of the Shang period are discussed as well.     

Metallurgy in Ancient Eastern Asia: Retrospect and Prospects

Metallurgy has been taken as essential to the development of Chinese civilization. Archaeological study has been particularistic and evolutionary, tied to traditional Chinese historiography, and modern Marxist models of social development. Modern studies suggest that metallurgy emerged independently in a ‘core’ area and then spread to ‘peripheral’ areas by way of political expansion and cultural diffusion over many millennia, and that metallurgy was also homegrown. New excavations suggest: multiple early centers of production; that the Chinese case belongs to a regional context; that native sources of ores were significant; that metals were used in several pre-state level societies.     

清末民初中央政府参谋机构的设置及其沿革初考

清末军谘处、军谘府的先后设立,成为中国近代军令机关独立于军政的先声.南京临时政府也有参谋部的设置.民国北京政府所设参谋本部,基本沿袭清末军谘府,并适当参考了南京临时政府参谋部的构成.三十余年中,参谋本部的机构设置几经变化.     

梁带村两周墓地出土青铜器初步检测分析

梁带村两周墓地位于陕西省韩城市昝村镇梁带村北,东北距市区约7公里,地处关中平原东北部,紧邻黄河西岸.2005年4月起,陕西省考古研究院经初步调查和勘探后,共探明了车马坑64座,墓葬895座,其中大型墓葬7座,并对M19、M26、M27、M28和M502共5座大墓进行了发掘,清理出土金、铜、铁、玉、石、漆器等各种质料的文物数千件.