Confronting a Disciplinary Blindness: Women,War and Rape in the International Politics of Security

Much of the debate surrounding the inclusion of women in the study of international politics, particularly in reflections of war, promotes passive representation. State-sanctioned images of non-combatant women in supportive wartime roles reflect, rather than confront, traditional conceptualisations of 'legitimate knowledge' and ways of knowing. Therefore, estimates that 30,000 women were raped during the war in Bosnia shocked the international community. Yet it shouldn't. War rape is as old as war itself. This article looks at why, and how, traditional forms of theorising about international politics fails to identify or vocalise the violent insecurities of women in domestic and international space, thus ensuring women's silence. It also draws on alternative ways of knowing to confront the tradition and to un/recover the experiences of women.     

精琪的币制改革方案与晚清币制问题

1904年美国“会议货币专使”精琪向清政府提出币制改革方案,主张导入金汇兑本位制。在银价暴跌带来的严重财政危机之下,清政府存在接受精琪方案的客观“诱因”,但由于湖广总督张之洞的反对,清政府最终废弃了这一方案。究其原因,除了反对精琪方案中所含的一些帝国主义成分的民族主义因素以外,“货币发行地方化”这一历史现象也值得重视。对各省督抚们来说,独立的货币发行是主要的财源之一,币制的改革势必会影响其收入。实际上,此前他们已数次“抵制”清政府推进的币制改革,他们是清朝币制改革的巨大障碍之一。另外,在地方行政和财政运营中已经成为习惯的“陋规”,也是币制改革的一大障碍,是更深层的“抵抗”力。精琪对在中国实行币制改革所要面对的“抵抗”做了过低的估计,这是其重大缺陷。