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Franz Graf-Stuhlhofer 《Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte》1995,18(4):227-231
In presenting events in history, the historian is forced to select a few people. This selection of people choosen by the historian is an evaluation in itself. How restricted is his selection? In the history of science we could ask: How large is the proportion of selected scientists in comparison with those that are not mentioned? The answer: A book that covers the entire history of science, usually will select one out of about three hundred scientists. 相似文献
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千百年来,国家起源一直是伟大哲学家和思想家们关注的一个话题,从亚里士多德、孟德斯鸠、霍布斯、卢梭、弗格森、孔德到摩尔根、马恩和列宁,都有过经典性的系统论述。时至今日,在新资料、新方法、新技术的支持下,在吸收过去理论成就的基础上,国家起源更成为当今国际学术界的三大课题(人类起源、农业起源和国家文明起源)之一,并且产生了很多既有实证性又有理论性的研究成果。卡内罗在这篇经典文章中,对当今各种理论流派做了比较详细的概括总结。就他自身而言,是持强制论或者说战争论的观点,认为战争是国家兴起的主要动力。他甚至认为,世界各地的历史学和考古学证据都毫无二致地证明战争是早期国家形成的根本原因,战争以这样或那样的形式在国家兴起中起到了决定性作用。当然,他也认为,战争并非国家起源的唯一因素。尽管战争可能是国家兴起的必要条件,但却不是充分条件。国家的兴起还需要一些特殊条件,经过一些具体的过程,例如自然的限制、社会的限制、资源的集中、政治的演化等等。卡内罗的战争论虽然是一家之言,但由于它对历史的继承和现实的尊重而有巨大的合理性,对包括中国在内的国家文明起源研究有重大影响,而且今后仍然有十分积极的意义。本文写作于1970年,从时间上看观点已显陈旧,但是作为国家起源理论的一种重要流派,仍然值得介绍和回顾。 相似文献
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Professor Franz Boas 《Folklore》2013,124(2):209-211
CELTIC MYTH AND ARTHURIAN ROMANCE. By ROGER SHERMAN LOOMIS. New York: Columbia University Press, 1927. 9″x5?″. Pp. xii+371. 30s. Reviewed by Eleanor Hull. BÉALOIDEAS : The Journal of the Folk-Lore of Ireland Society. Published by the Society at Room 78, University College, Dublin, 1927. Volume I, Parts i and ii. Pp. 205. 8vo. Ann. sub. 7s. 6d. Reviewed by Eleanor Hull. LIA FÁIL. Dublin: 89 Talbot Street. Large 8vo. 5s. per vol. Reviewed by Eleanor Hull. “THE PACK OF AUTOLYCUS,” or Strange and terrible news of Ghosts, Apparitions, Monstrous Births, Showers of Wheat, Judgments of God, and other Prodigious and Fearful happenings as told in Broadside Ballads of the years 1624–1693. Edited by HYDER EDWARD ROLLINS. Cambridge (Harvard) University Press, 1927. 4to. Pp. xvii+270. Ill. 2is. Reviewed by M. Gaster. DIE HELLENISTISCHEN MYSTERIENRELIGIONEN nach ihren Grundgedanken und Wirkungen. By R. REITZENSTEIN. 3rd ed. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1927. 8vo. Pp. viii+438. 16s. Reviewed by M. Gaster. THE NEGRO AND HIS SONGS. A Study of Typical Negro Songs in the South. By HOWARD W. ODUM and GUY B. JOHNSON. Chapel Hill, Carolina, U.S.A.: Univ. of North Carolina Press (Oxford Univ. Press), 1925. 9″ x 5?″. Pp. xii. + 306. 18s. 6d. Reviewed by A. R. Wright. FOLK BELIEFS OF THE SOUTHERN NEGRO. By NEWBELL NILES PUCKETT. Chapel Hill, Carolina, U.S.A.: Univ. of North Carolina Press (Oxford Univ. Press), 1926. 9″x5?″. 9 ill. Pp. xvi+644. 22s. 6d. Reviewed by A. R. Wright. 相似文献