Spatial Tactics in Criminal Courts and the Politics of Legal Technicalities

This paper documents court‐imposed bail and sentencing conditions with spatial dimensions, such as red zones, no contact conditions, curfews and prohibitions to demonstrate, issued in the context of criminal proceedings. These conditional orders, which are growing in importance and have a significant impact on the lives of marginalized groups of people, have not received the attention they deserve in the literature. As opposed to better publicized forms of spatial regulation such as legislation or policing strategies, these conditional orders are a distinctive form of spatial tactic that rely on ancient and routinized rules of criminal procedure and the practices of the courts. In order to understand this spatial tactic, and its impact on marginalized people's rights and uses of spaces, we argue that it is necessary to pay attention to the legal rationalities, knowledge and practices that sustain them.     

Ethnic belonging of the children born out of rape in postconflict Bosnia‐Herzegovina and Rwanda

Sexual violence has been used as a weapon of war in ethnic conflicts, and forced impregnations have been central to this strategy. Scholars however disagree on whether the cultural assimilation to the maternal group influences these children's identities, or whether they are perceived as belonging to the enemy group (Carpenter; Nikolic‐Ristanovic). Drawing on preliminary qualitative findings collected in 2013 in Rwanda and Bosnia‐Herzegovina, this paper analyses the ethnic identification imposed by the enemy group, the mothers and their community on the children born out of rape. It first explores how the mothers' ethnic identities are often subordinated to their fathers' ethnic background, and how this then justifies their social exclusion from their maternal ethnic group. This paper suggests that sexual violence is extremely effective in ensuring the continuation of the ethnic conflict in the aftermath of the violence by attacking the children's senses of belonging.     

Oskar von Miller and the Art of the Electrical Exhibition: Staging Modernity in Weimar Germany

Within the larger framework of understanding how modernity wasframed within and through the domestic sphere, this articleconsiders the efforts of Bavarian electrical engineer Oskarvon Miller to electrify and modernize Germany against the backdropof Weimar reform movements. Unlike modernist reformers associatedwith such projects as the Bauhaus or the Werkbund, Miller wasa practical systems-builder who sought to encourage consumptionwithin traditional frameworks of home and Heimat. For Miller,exhibiting the benefits of technology was a key element in securingits success, and his reliance on consumers rested on a corporatistideal that would create a new kind of community centred on technology.Whereas in the Imperial era Miller focused on Handwerker andsmall machines as the guarantors of both progress and socialstability, in the Weimar era he turned to housewives and housework.Through his involvement in electrification schemes as well asin his work in founding the Deutsches Museum, one of the firstmuseums of science and technology in Europe, Miller createda powerful narrative of technological progress that was bothtraditional and modern.     

Augmenting Phenomenology: Using Augmented Reality to Aid Archaeological Phenomenology in the Landscape

Explorations of perception using GIS have traditionally been based on vision and analysis confined to the computer laboratory. In contrast, phenomenological analyses of archaeological landscapes are normally carried out within the particular landscape itself; and computer analysis away from the landscape in question is often seen as anathema to such attempts. This paper presents initial research that aims to bridge this gap by using augmented reality (AR). AR gives us the opportunity to merge the real world with virtual elements, including 3D models, soundscapes, and social media. In this way, aspects of GIS analysis that would usually keep us chained to the desk can be experienced directly in the field at the time of investigation.     

Notes and News

Abstract

This paper seeks to cast some light on a so-called Green Man ivory knife handle from Perth and on the cultural context from which it sprang. It was made and lost or disposed of during the 14th century and, although its full life-story includes its archaeological recovery and subsequent curation in Perth Museum, its main importance lies in what it can tell us of medieval people. Exploring its material and production, its function as a handle, its iconography and its cultural background reveals this importance. Bringing these strands together gives us a snapshot of medieval cognition, focusing, on the way elements of seasonal ritual were consumed in the medieval burgh of Perth.     

Island Networks and Missionary Methods: Locating Charles E. Fox and Frederick G. Bowie in the History of Pacific Archaeology

ABSTRACT

‘Missionary’ and ‘archaeology’ may appear incongruous partners within contemporary archaeological practice, but archival, museum and oral sources reveal historical connections. This paper explores two missionaries, active in the western Pacific from 1896 to 1973. Reverends Charles Elliot Fox (Melanesian Mission, Solomon Islands) and Frederick Gatherer Bowie (Free Church of Scotland Mission, Vanuatu) both conducted studies related to the prehistory and migration of Pacific people. Both produced material assemblages, as well as textual and visual documents, and formed ideas influenced by their own networks and self identities. The paper examines their data collection methods and relationships with others, considering particularly how their relationships with Pacific Islanders and with psychologist and ethnologist W.H.R. Rivers influenced the missionary research process. By understanding these aspects of their work, Fox and Bowie can be placed within a broader genealogy of Anglophone missionary archaeology dating back to the late 18th century.     

Correlating Vegetation,Water Use,and Surface Temperature in a Semiarid City: A Multiscale Analysis of the Impacts of Irrigation by Single‐Family Residences

Urban heat islands (UHIs) and the vegetation that mitigates them vary across space and time, but little research has investigated this coupled natural–human system using both spatial and temporal analyses. Focusing on semiarid, water‐scarce Tucson, Arizona, we examined whether outdoor water use by residents of single‐family homes (a practice that uses close to half of residential water supplies) contributes to urban “greenness” and the mitigation of UHI effects. Specifically, we investigated how different types of residential development mediate vegetation–water use–temperature interactions. Our data sets include Landsat‐derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and surface temperatures, parcel‐level zoning and assessor data, and residential water use records at the quarter section level (0.63 km²). We analyzed these data at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Spatial analysis results demonstrate that cooling from vegetative evapotranspiration is mediated by development factors as well as by topography and wind patterns. Findings also suggest that outdoor water use aside from irrigation, particularly the use of swimming pools, promotes cooling without elevating the NDVI. Temporal analysis reveal that most residential areas maintained or increased greenness despite declining 1995–2008 water use due most likely to long‐term regional climate cycles. Only high‐density developments with little undeveloped ground cover and few natural drainage channels exhibit a strong relationship between household water use and NDVI trends. These results suggest that the preservation of natural drainage channels and limitation of impervious surfaces, as well as the siting of development in naturally cooled microclimates, may be sustainable strategies for UHI mitigation in water‐scarce regions. Análisis multi‐escalar de los impactos de riego en residencias unifamiliares: la correlación entre la vegetación, el uso del agua y la temperatura superficial en un área urbana semiárida Las islas de calor urbano (urban heat islands‐UHIs) y las áreas con vegetación que ayudan a mitigarlas varían en su distribución especial y temporal. Sin embargo, existe relativamente poca investigación dedicada al análisis espacio‐temporal de este sistema acoplado humano‐ambiental urbano. El artículo examina la medida en la cual el uso de agua al aire libre por parte de residentes de viviendas unifamiliares (practica que consume mas de la mitad de los recursos hídricos) contribuye al “verdor” de áreas urbanas y a la mitigación de los efectos de las UHs. El área de estudio es Tucson, Arizona, una ciudad ubicada en un ambiente semiárido que sufre de escasez hídrica. En términos más concretos, los autores investigan cómo los diferentes tipos de desarrollos urbanos residenciales sirven de mediadores en las interacciones entre la vegetación, la temperatura y el uso del agua. Como datos se utilizaron índices de vegetación (Normalized difference vegetation index‐NDVI) y temperaturas superficiales derivados de imágenes Landsat. Así mismo se usaron datos catastrales a nivel de parcela de zonificación, y registros de uso residencial de agua a nivel de cuarto de sección (quarter‐section) (0,63 km2). Los datos fueron analizados a múltiples escalas espaciales y temporales. Los resultados de análisis espacial demuestran que el enfriamiento de la evapotranspiración vegetal está influenciado por los factores de desarrollo urbano residencial así como por los patrones topográficos y climáticos (viento). Los resultados también sugieren que los usos de agua al aire libre, aparte de riego, en particular el uso de las piscinas (o albercas), promueven el enfriamiento sin elevar el valor del NDVI. El análisis temporal revela que la mayoría de zonas residenciales mantuvieron o aumentaron el ‘verdor’ a pesar de la disminución del uso del agua entre 1995 y 2008, debido probablemente a los ciclos climáticos regionales de largo plazo. Únicamente las zonas urbanas de alta densidad con escasas áreas verdes y pocos canales naturales de drenaje muestran una fuerte relación entre el uso del agua residencial y las tendencias del NDVI. Estos resultados sugieren que la preservación de los canales de drenaje natural y la reducción de superficies impermeables, así como el emplazamiento del desarrollo urbano en áreas con microclimas naturalmente más fríos, pueden ser estrategias sostenibles para la mitigación de UHIs en regiones con escasez de agua. 城市热岛与可缓解其效应的植被均随时间和空间变化,但鲜有研究从时空分析视角关注这一自然‐人文耦合系统。本文聚焦于半干旱、缺水的亚利桑那州图森市,主要调查独户家庭户外用水（其用水量大约是住宅供应水量的一半）是否对城市“绿化”和缓解城市热岛效应作出贡献。特别地,我们调查不同类型住宅开发是如何调节植物‐用水‐温度间的相互作用。数据集包括从美国陆地资源卫星获得的归一化植被指数（NDVI）和地表温度,地块区划和评估数据, 约160英亩（0.63 km²）用地面积的住户用水记录。我们从时空多尺度视角对这些数据进行了分析。 空间分析结果表明,植被蒸散作用导致的降温不仅受开发因素也受地形和风模式的调节。同时也发现：包括灌溉的户外用水,尤其是泳池用水,在促进地表降温时并未促使归一化植被指数（NDVI）提高。时间分析揭示,大多数居住区即使在1995–2008用水减少的情况下仍保持和增加“绿化”,最可能归因于长期的区域气候循环。只是在植被覆盖和自然排水系统均很少的高密度开发地区,家庭用水与NDVI趋势上显示出强相关性。这些结果昭示保留自然排水系统和限制不透水地表,以及在具有自然降温作用的微气候上选址发展区,或许是缺水地区缓解热岛效应的可持续策略。