Characterizations of palace lantern tassels preserved in The Palace Museum,Beijing, by UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF

Palace lanterns were important and highly visible decorations in the imperial palace in Beijing, China, during the Qing dynasty (1636–1912). Most lanterns had colourful tassels made of fibres. The study performed a comprehensive investigation of the materials and dyes used for palace lantern tassels preserved in The Palace Museum, Beijing. Eight samples with different colours, including yellow, green and red, from five palace lanterns were analysed. By using ultra-performance liquid chromatography combined with time-of-flight mass spectrometry, the compositions of the dyes were identified quickly, and thus the dyes' origins were explored. A X-ray fluorescence spectrometer assisted in the detection of whether a mordant was used during the dyeing process. As a result, the tassels were all made of silk, discovered through the use of microscopic observation and micro-Fourier transform infrared spectrometry analysis. Different dyeing techniques were found in these tassels: yellow tassels were dyed by cork tree or turmeric by a direct dyeing method; greens were dyed by pagoda bud with an iron mordant, or by the combination of cork tree and indigo using multi-dyeing method; and red tassels were coloured with different acid red industrial dyes. These results provide valuable data for the conservation of ancient textile tassels and contribute to the investigation of other hanging tags.     

Bringing Chinese Law in Line with Western Standards? Problematizing “Chinese” and “Western” in the Late Qing Debate over the New Criminal Code of Great Qing

This article examines the intense debates over the New Criminal Code of Great Qing (Da-Qing xin xinglü) in the National Assembly (Zizheng yuan) during the Qing empire’s New Policy Reform (1901–11). The focus is on the conflict between those who drafted and supported the new code and those who expressed reservations, especially over reform of the laws on filial piety and fornication. The issue of reconfiguring the family and social order through law was closely related to the overarching agenda of twentieth century legal reform in China—making an empire that “ruled through the principle of filial piety” into a modern nation-state that had direct relationships with its citizens. More importantly, an analysis of the late Qing debate over family law enables this article to problematize such concepts as “Chinese” and “Western” during this crucial moment of China’s empire-to-nation transformation. It showcases the paradox of China’s modern-era reforms—a contradiction between imposing Western-inspired order with a largely indigenous logic and maintaining existing sociopolitical order in the name of preserving national identity.     

多伦多都市区的居住空间结构研究

本文采用因子生态分析方法剖析多伦多都市区的居住空间结构。主成分分析表明,家庭构成、年龄构成、职业构成是形成城市居住分异的主要因素。聚类分析表明,家庭构成和年龄构成的分异呈同心园格局,职业构成的分异呈扇形格局。形成这种居住分异格局的机制包括动力机制、管理机制和行为机制三个方面。     

The measurement of taxonomic evenness in zooarchaeology

Zooarchaeologists frequently measure taxonomic evenness to document subsistence change and to understand the response of faunal communities to paleoenvironmental change. Although the measurement of evenness is commonplace, there are numerous challenges involved. Evenness indices are sensitive to changing richness, and by extension sample size, and various indices respond differently to changing taxonomic abundances (i.e., changing evenness). To refine protocol for comparing assemblages of varied sampling effort and identify indices that may be more useful for zooarchaeological applications, we examine the quantitative behavior of the widely used Shannon evenness and Simpson indices and two others more commonly used by ecologists. These indices are examined in relation to varied richness, sample size, and taxonomic abundances. We show that although zooarchaeologists are concerned with identifying and correcting for the effects of sample size on evenness, it may be appropriate to instead focus on how richness modulates evenness. Based on our analyses, we recommend the Simpson index for most zooarchaeological applications, except when comparing evenness across assemblages that are very even.     

试析元代磁州窑绘画枕上的蒙元人物形象

磁州窑宋金元时期生产的陶瓷枕,在装饰上展现了丰富的技法和多样的题材,其上的图像形象记录了绘画、服饰、民风民俗、社会审美以及历史题材等纷繁内容,成为特殊的古代艺术与文化载体。对图像的不断解析,有助于准确解读其真实内涵、绘画意境与文化背景。笔者尝试对磁州窑陶瓷枕上反映的蒙元人物图像加以解析如下:     

秦兵马俑和汉阳陵遗址保存环境之比较

为了探索一种适宜的遗址文物保存方式,在四季分明,气候变化较为剧烈的西北地区的文物遗址环境区,达到最大程度保护遗址文物的目的,通过对开放式的秦始皇兵马俑博物馆一号坑遗址环境的建筑结构、温度和相对湿度变化及大气颗粒物进行分析监测,并与封闭式汉阳陵博物馆外葬坑的结果进行对比研究,发现单从环境温湿度恒定、阻挡室外颗粒污染物和气态污染物的角度来讲,封闭式的汉阳陵博物馆存在明显的优势。但依然不能阻止温湿度的季节间波动和室外空气污染物渗入的威胁,同时还要预防室内污染的发生,并且出现玻璃护围内部结露,文物大面积返碱等问题,并不能很好解决文物良好保存和观展目的。所以依旧需要探索一种适宜的遗址文物保存方式,既能保持文物保存环境的温湿度的相对稳定和洁净,又能缓解全封闭玻璃护围内部结露,文物大面积返碱等问题,最大程度延长遗址文物的寿命的同时,满足观众参观的需求。本对比研究结果可为今后的设计提供参考。     

麦积山早期三佛窟与姚兴的《通三世论》

本文将历史文献与佛教文献、石窟考古材料相结合,以麦积山的营造史和后秦统治者的崇佛为背景,通过对麦积山早期石窟造像题材及所反映佛教思想的分析,探讨了麦积山早期三佛窟的开凿时间、兴建背景和反映的佛学思想等问题,为麦积山早期石窟的分期断代提供了有力的理论依据.     

从中河通判万承紫罢官案看道光朝江南河工——兼考万承紫的淮安清江浦生涯

周恩来外曾祖父万承紫,道光初任南河中河通判,因收藏两江总督琦善看中的元代《龙舟图》被琦善弹劾免职。从该案中可见道光时两江总督对江南河工事务的介入、江南河工的奢侈之风,以及南河官场的文化氛围。万承紫尚风雅,收藏甚富,与寓居、往来南河的文人墨士多有交游,罢官后所居"还读书室"为文人雅集之所。原籍南昌的万家因河工而移居于南河治理中心淮安清江浦,万承紫子孙辈也精于河工。万家三代的治水经历也对周恩来产生影响,任总理期间特别重视水利事业。     

驰骋西北的平阳商帮

平阳商帮作为晋商的一支,明清两代是其发展的重要阶段,清末民初逐渐由繁盛走向衰落。平阳商帮经贸西路,其经营地点基本为丝绸之路沿线城市如西安、兰州、银川、武威、酒泉、西宁等,其经营行业涉及盐业、冶铁业、布业、烟业及茶叶等。明朝"开中法"的实施为平阳商人经贸西路拉开了序幕,丝路贸易的繁荣吸引平阳商人前去经商,"互通有无"的商业模式给平阳商人提供了商机,便利的交通亦是平阳商人经贸西路的重要条件。     

顾彭年:文学研究会中的半个贵州作家——兼及其他贵州籍会员

中国现代第一个文学社团文学研究会成立于1921年,曾有四个贵州籍会员:谢六逸、蹇先艾、李君毅、杨敬慈。前两位广为人知,而后两位知道的人较少。除此之外,还有一位顾彭年,他也是文学研究会的早期会员,抗战爆发后即移居贵州,是贵州著名作家、学者顾汶光、顾朴光的父亲,故可算半个贵州作家。顾彭年早年的文学成就一是白话新诗创作,一是文学翻译,三是文学研究。他与茅盾、郑振铎等有过交往,同时还是我国城市市政建设理论早期的开拓者。