20世纪七八十年代引滦工程决策历程

水资源短缺一直制约着京津唐地区经济和社会的发展。20世纪70年代,因缺水引发的经济、社会问题逐渐凸显,促使中央和地方政府开始考虑实施跨流域调水工程。引滦工程作为北方最大的跨流域调水工程,其决策经历了曲折的过程。1958年,北京和唐山曾分别提出引滦河水的设想,唐山还实施了引滦入还和引还入陡工程。1972年,海河流域大旱促使中央做出加快实施引滦工程的决定,但由于地质情况复杂等原因,引滦工程设计方案被反复修改。1981年,天津提出了单独引滦济津路线并得到了中央的支持。引滦工程对缓解京津唐用水紧张发挥了重要作用,天津是引滦工程受益最大的地区。     

兵团文化研究综述

兵团文化是兵团人在屯垦戍边的过程中所创造的独具特色的文化,具有巨大的感召力和凝聚力,对于传播中华文化、吸收各民族的优秀文化、维稳固边、促进兵团和谐社会的构建都发挥了重大的作用。目前,学术界对于兵团文化研究的成果颇丰,本文从兵团文化的内涵、内容、特征、作用以及如何发展兵团文化着手,对以往的研究成果进行梳理。     

明代九边军兵的冬衣布花赏赐

明代赏赐军兵冬衣布花制度不断完善.以九边军兵为例,赏赐对象覆盖卫所制和省镇营兵制下的军兵种类,并照顾到家属.常例赏赐有布四匹、花一斤八两,布三匹、花一斤八两,布二匹、花一斤八两,布二匹、花一斤等标准,体现着区域和军兵种类差异,一般一年一发,在七、八等月放毕.又有战功、修造等非常例赏赐.布花的有效解运是发放的基础,国家调整解运程序,尽量保证布花输运不辍.国家还调整财政机制、规范支领程序,保证冬衣布花发放.冬衣布花赏赐一定程度上保障了军兵生活,很多时候又难收实效,缺乏有效整合与监督机制的多头财政体制和官员腐败是主要原因,君主个人意志和国家明显的施政失当影响亦深.     

汉代漆器的剖析

通过制备并分析一系列模拟漆膜样品。建立了有助于鉴定汉代漆器成分的剖析方法。经裂解气相色谱、差热分析、色谱一红外联用等现代分析技术对出土的汉代漆器残片样品的综合分析,证实在西汉漆器制造中已使用桐油或其它的添加剂,并依据剖析的结果,对某些汉代漆器的原材料差异作了初步探讨。     

The Chemical Composition and Production Area of Early Western Zhou Proto‐Porcelain Unearthed from Yejiashan Cemetery,Suizhou, China

The bodies and glazes of 27 early Western Zhou proto‐porcelain samples from Yejiashan cemetery, Hubei Province, were analysed using LA‐ICP–AES, SEM, XRD, a thermal expansion instrument and other analytical methods. The results indicated that the bodies of all samples were characterized by high silicon and low aluminium, and were made with porcelain stone raw materials found in the south of China. The glazes are typical of high‐temperature calcium glazes of the CaO (MgO) – K₂O (Na₂O) – Al₂O₃ – SiO₂ series, with relatively high Mn and P content, which was probably caused by the addition of plant ashes. The physical properties and phase compositions of Yejiashan proto‐porcelain show that firing processes were still in the early stages of development in ancient China. Multivariate statistical analyses indicated that Yejiashan proto‐porcelain might have come from the Deqing area, in Zhejiang Province. These results provide new archaeological evidence for research on issues related to material flow in the Western Zhou dynasty.     

An Approach to the Diagnosis of Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia from the 2500‐Year‐Old Remains of a Skull from Ancient China

A human skull, buried about 2500 years ago in a Bronze Age cemetery at Jinggouzi, a site of an important ethnic group in ancient China, appeared to have characteristics of fibrous dysplasia. The CT images indicated a reduction in bone density and relatively homogeneous lesions. More features were revealed using CT reconstruction techniques. Lesions seen in low‐magnification images using a 3D deep‐field microscope had an irregular honeycomb‐like structure. At higher magnification, the trabeculae morphology and the gaps between the trabeculae were irregular and varied in size and shape. Paraffin‐embedded specimens stained with HE showed trabeculae with tortuous irregular arrangements varying in shape and width. The irregular trabeculae of woven bone has been described as having fibrous dysplasia. Molecular analysis of the GNAS gene indicated no mutation. This provides a non‐invasive approach for us to make more comprehensive diagnoses and to assist research into ancient human diseases.     

西方孙中山研究的历史考察及其学术流变探析

孙中山是现代中国民族和民主革命的先驱,青年时期求学于檀香山,后在香港专攻医学,在海外先后建立兴中会、同盟会等革命团体,与外国人多有联系。百余年来,从外国友人、在华游历家、传教士到现当代的历史学研究者,在不同学术层面对孙中山进行个案研究,并受政治、社会与学术变迁的影响而呈现不同的发展阶段。从研究主体来看,其研究者经历了从情感自发到学术自觉的身份转变;就研究内容而言,其成果彰显出从描述历史到研究社会科学化的学术流变。重视史料的挖掘与整理、注重西方各国学术成果的推介、关注学术动态并强调域外学术交流,是呈现这一学术流变的根本原因。     

台湾《诸罗县志》评介

台湾《诸罗县志》除在体例完备、内容翔实、语言精练和文体统一等方面有较高的成就之外，在有清一代所修的40多种台湾方志里，还具有其他特性，如可靠性、批判性和创见性。这些特性表明《诸罗县志》不只是一部优秀的志书，更是一部有个性的志书。     

Social distance,ethnicity, and religion in Northwest China: a survey of inter- and intra-group attitudes among Han,Hui, and Tibetan students

Building on existing research concerned with social distance in multi-ethnic states, this study of college students in Gansu Province and Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region provides a picture of social attitudes, intra-group attachment, and inter-group social distance along ethnic and religious lines in Northwest China. The study measures inter-ethnic group fissures in Chinese society as measured in social distance between three ethnic groups: Han, Hui, and Tibetan. Comparative survey methods are used to examine inter- and intra-group relations by mapping dimensions of social distance among 382 university students. Our results indicate only very subtle differences that suggest a closer majority–minority relationship than the previous literature indicates, especially between the Hui and Han. The findings show some clustering and segregating patterns along ethnic lines, specifically when accounting for degrees of trust and tolerance and levels of ethnic and religious attachment. The Hui and Han in Ningxia exhibit closer inter-group relations in comparison to wider measurements of social distance between the Tibetan and Han in Gansu. Where the survey data revealed clustering among ethnic groups, the analysis shows that religious, geographical, and economic differences fail to account for the attitudinal differences between ethnic groups.