国内旅游研究方法的方向：从理念阐释到理论实证

旅游能否成为一门独立学科，关键取决于能否形成一套完善的学科基础理论和方法论。本文分析了中外旅游研究方法的进展情况，对理论实证方法的优越性进行了阐释，将其在国内外旅游研究中不同应用程度作以比较，进而总结出国内旅游研究方法的方向。     

Geochemical evidence for the manufacture,logistics and supply‐chain management of Emperor Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army,China

Non‐invasive materials characterisation of reconstructed statues of Emperor Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army has revealed distinct micro‐geochemical patterning within the clay paste used in their manufacture. The significance of this is explored in terms of the production sequence, logistics and supply‐chain management involved in the construction of this enormous funerary assemblage. Of particular interest is a compositional distinction between figures marked with the names ‘Gong’ (宫) and ‘Xianyang’ (咸阳). These seem to represent the products of two workshops involved in the supply of ceramic objects for this ambitious, large‐scale building project undertaken by the Qin Empire during the third century bce .     

“窜三苗于三危”的考古学研究

本文依据考古学的发现和研究,重新探讨古史传说中的“窜三苗于三危”。为这一传说提供了一种考古学依据。     

A Minimax Method for Finding the k Best “Differentiated” Paths

In real-world applications, the k-shortest-paths between a pair of nodes on a network will often be slight variations of one another. This could be a problem for many path-based models, particularly those on capacitated networks where different routing alternatives are needed that are less likely to encounter the same capacity constraints. This paper develops a method to solve for k differentiated paths that are relatively short and yet relatively different from one another, but not necessarily disjoint. Our method utilizes the sum of a path's distance plus some fraction of its shared distance with each other path. A minimax algorithm is used to select the path whose largest sum of length, plus shared length vis-à-vis each previously selected path, is as small as possible. We present computational results for the Chinese railway system, comparing the paths generated by a standard k-shortest-path algorithm with those from our new model.     

Tracing the origin of Chinese early white porcelain in the late sixth century—evidence from Xing kiln

As the criterion used by archaeologists for determining early white porcelain is quite ambiguous, the origin of Chinese white porcelain remains a point of disagreement. In this study, we systematically investigate 61 typical Xing porcelains of the late Northern dynasties to the early Sui dynasty (550–600 CE) using spectrophotometer, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), and analyze the differences between early white porcelain and celadon of Xing kiln in terms of their whiteness and raw materials characteristic. The results show that early white porcelain is a new type of ware that differs from celadon, which can be distinguished by whiteness, with a whiteness greater than 8% being early white porcelain and a whiteness less than 8% being celadon. It is assumed that the ancient potters created the whiter wares based on celadon by improving the glaze and selecting new raw materials for the body, but the production of this type of ware was short lived and subsequently refined in the Sui dynasty (581–618 CE) owing to the limited improvement in whiteness.     

珍珠港事变前夜的中美交涉

美国长期大量向日本出售钢铁、石油等战略物资,助长其侵华实力。1939年7月,蒋介石致电罗斯福,建议美国采取办法,削弱日本的战斗力与经济力。同月,美国政府宣布废止美日商约,对日实行经济制裁。1941年4月,日本向美国提出《日美谅解案》,企图通过谈判,减轻美国对日本的经济压力。罗斯福为避免美国过早陷入大西洋和太平洋同时两面作战的不利局面,提出退让、妥协方案,企图在一定时间内放松对日本的经济封锁。蒋介石坚决反对美国政府改变对日政策,愤而以"国际信义"与"人类道德"相责,胡适、宋子文也积极与美方交涉,最终,美国对日政策由有限度的妥协恢复为全面强硬,美日谈判破裂。日本指责美国已彻头彻尾地成为蒋介石的代言人,于12月初突袭珍珠港等地,太平洋战争爆发。     

韩国迁都宜阳、阳翟考辨

从战国初年的历史形势和韩国的发展战略出发,考虑韩国灭郑的军事策略,结合考古材料,韩国迁都宜阳、阳翟的记载应是可信的。对文献记载的混乱现象应予以全新解读:韩国迁都宜阳、阳翟的时候,平阳作为政治中心在继续使用。换言之,韩国在保持平阳都城地位的同时,迁都宜阳、阳翟,以此来服务灭郑的军事战争。宜阳和阳翟是具有浓厚军事色彩的临时性都城,带有战时陪都的性质。     

伪色诺芬《雅典政制》史料价值初探

伪色诺芬《雅典政制》作为公元前5世纪后期雅典的历史文献,对于研究雅典政治状况、原提洛同盟"盟邦"与雅典的关系以及探析民主政治的实质具有重要的史料价值。作者主要从平民的权利、海上霸权两个方面论述雅典民主制保持完好的原因,评述"盟邦"主权遭到雅典侵夺的历史事实,从而证明雅典民主制乃是建立在全体雅典人对非雅典人剥削、奴役基础之上的。当政者所采取种种强化民主的措施,其目的都是为了维护雅典人的根本利益。