聚醋酸乙烯酯乳液的表征、性能及其在彩绘类文物保护中的应用

聚醋酸乙烯酯(PVAc)乳液是常见的彩绘类文物保护材料。采用激光粒度仪、热重/差热分析、红外光谱、X-射线衍射、扫描电镜、透射电镜等表征了PVAc乳液的粒径以及胶膜的热稳定性、结构和形貌;采用粘度计、表面张力仪、pH计、电导率仪等研究了乳液浓度与其粘度、表面张力、pH、电导率的关系;通过冻融、室温-高温放置、离心分离研究了乳液的稳定性;同时用PVAc乳液对模拟起甲和酥碱的壁画进行了修复。结果表明,PVAc乳液粒径呈双峰分布,小粒子的平均粒径为380 nm,大粒子的平均粒径为5.85μm;乳液胶膜为非结晶物质,胶膜热重的最终质量残留为1.54%,335℃出现放热峰。PVAc乳液的电导率随浓度的增大而增大,pH随浓度的增大而下降;相同温度下表面张力随浓度的增大而基本呈现低浓度下降,高浓度上升的趋势。相同浓度下,表面张力随温度升高而无显著变化,表明PVAc乳液的表面张力受温度变化影响不大。相同温度下,乳液粘度随浓度的增大而增大;相同浓度下,乳液的粘度随温度的升高而降低。冻融、离心分离和不同温度下静置发现,该乳液出现分层。用该乳液对模拟起甲和酥碱壁画修复后,再分别老化20个循环和12个循环,发现颜料层再次空鼓、起甲。综合分析,说明实验中所使用的该种PVAc稳定性和抗老化能力较弱,在修复彩绘类文物中应慎重选择PVAc的种类,综合考虑PVAc的使用浓度、环境因素对其性能的影响,以达到最佳使用效果。     

An Approach to the Diagnosis of Craniofacial Fibrous Dysplasia from the 2500‐Year‐Old Remains of a Skull from Ancient China

A human skull, buried about 2500 years ago in a Bronze Age cemetery at Jinggouzi, a site of an important ethnic group in ancient China, appeared to have characteristics of fibrous dysplasia. The CT images indicated a reduction in bone density and relatively homogeneous lesions. More features were revealed using CT reconstruction techniques. Lesions seen in low‐magnification images using a 3D deep‐field microscope had an irregular honeycomb‐like structure. At higher magnification, the trabeculae morphology and the gaps between the trabeculae were irregular and varied in size and shape. Paraffin‐embedded specimens stained with HE showed trabeculae with tortuous irregular arrangements varying in shape and width. The irregular trabeculae of woven bone has been described as having fibrous dysplasia. Molecular analysis of the GNAS gene indicated no mutation. This provides a non‐invasive approach for us to make more comprehensive diagnoses and to assist research into ancient human diseases.     

陕西子洲出土商代青铜容器铸造工艺观察分析

2010年11月,陕西省子洲县裴家湾镇关王岔村出土了6件青铜容器,包括尊、瓿、盘、觚、鼎、提梁卣各1件。本文通过对铜器上遗留的工艺痕迹进行肉眼观察,对铜器的铸型设计、芯撑情况、浇注位置等铸造工艺环节以及铸后加工的细节进行了初步的判断和复原,指出该批铜器的铸造工艺与安阳出土的殷墟前期同类器物基本相同,这一结果对认识和揭示这批青铜器的学术价值具有重要的意义。     

What can pollen grains from the Terracotta Army tell us?

The provenance of more than 2200-year-old terracotta warriors and horses in the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is still a mystery, even though some researchers have inferred that the terracotta figures were produced near the mausoleum. The sporomorphs (pollen and spores) extracted from terracotta fragments of a warrior and a horse and compared with those obtained from soil samples from the Qin Dynasty layer in Pit No. 2 of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum indicate that the pollen spectrum from the terracotta horse is different from that of the warrior, but similar to the local soil samples. Herbaceous pollen was dominant in the warrior sample, while arboreal pollen predominates in the horse and soil samples. Palynological evidence suggests that the terracotta horses were produced at a locality near the mausoleum, while the warrior came from a site which was further afield.     

云神:"夸父"神话叙事本源

一、《山海经》:"夸父"神话叙事源头 说到"夸父",我们立即想到"夸父逐日"神话."夸父逐日"神话见于《山海经·海外北经》、《山海经·大荒北经》与《列子·汤问》、《博物志·史补》.     

工业革命定义之争

一百多年来,史学界和经济学界对工业革命进行了深入研究,但究竟什么是工业革命往往人言人殊.学者们就历史上是否存在工业革命争论不休,即使承认工业革命是一场经济大变革的学者,也开展了渐进论和突变论的争论.罗斯托、门德尔斯、德弗里斯等学者提出了起飞、原工业化、勤劳革命等概念.国内外学者把工业革命定义的研究分为社会变革学派、工业组织学派、宏观经济学派、技术学派、能源学派和消费学派,博采众长者亦有之,这些研究从不同侧面抓住工业革命的特征.这些成为后来工业革命研究的起点.     

冀北地区东周时期北方文化青铜短剑研究

冀北地区是中国北方青铜文化的一个重要分布区,也是北方文化和中原文化的交错地带,其文化遗存非常丰富,尤其是东周时期的青铜短剑遗存最为集中,而且文化因素极其复杂。本文在对该地区发现的青铜短剑进行类型学分析的基础上,结合前人的研究成果,试图揭示这些复杂的文化面貌中所含的各种文化因素。     

地理资源造成史前南北陶器装饰风格的差异

新石器时代,南北陶器装饰已出现不同面貌,大体说来,黄河中上游为一种,表现为彩绘的样式：长江中游为一种,表现出素面刻划的特征。造成差异的原因,地理资源即无机质矿物颜料的多寡是第一位的,这一推论大体符合彩陶分布状况,和历史献记载以及现代探矿资料。     

大地湾地画新考

大地湾地画是我国迄今已知最早的建筑绘画作品,众多学者曾先后著文对地画含义及功用进行释读。本文通过对上部人物、下部动物及人物左手动作的分析,认为该地画是父系社会阶段体现“求丰育”观念,与巫术思想无关的装饰画。     

介绍几件馆藏清代纸币

咸丰年间,清政府为了解决财政上的困难,发行了大清官票和大清宝钞,但由于发行过滥,造成通货膨胀、纸币贬值,引起百姓的不满和抵制,不得不于同治年间停止了纸币的制造和发行。本文介绍了河北大学博物馆收藏的几件清代官票和宝钞。