Local Indicators of Network-Constrained Clusters in Spatial Point Patterns

The detection of clustering in a spatial phenomenon of interest is an important issue in spatial pattern analysis. While traditional methods mostly rely on the planar space assumption, many spatial phenomena defy the logic of this assumption. For instance, certain spatial phenomena related to human activities are inherently constrained by a transportation network because of our strong dependence on the transportation system. This article thus introduces an exploratory spatial data analysis method named l ocal i ndicators of n etwork-constrained c luster s (LINCS), for detecting local-scale clustering in a spatial phenomenon that is constrained by a network space. The LINCS method presented here applies to a set of point events distributed over the network space. It is based on the network K -function, which is designed to determine whether an event distribution has a significant clustering tendency with respect to the network space. First, an incremental K -function is developed so as to identify cluster size more explicitly than the original K -function does. Second, to enable identification of cluster locations, a local K -function is derived by decomposing and modifying the original network K -function. The local K -function LINCS, which is referred to as KLINCS, is tested on the distribution of 1997 highway vehicle crashes in the Buffalo, NY area. Also discussed is an adjustment of the KLINCS method for the nonuniformity of the population at risk over the network. As traffic volume can be seen as a surrogate of the population exposed to a risk of vehicle crashes, the spatial distribution of vehicle crashes is examined in relation to that of traffic volumes on the network. The results of the KLINCS analysis are validated through a comparison with priority investigation locations (PILs) designated by the New York State Department of Transportation.     

The K‐Function Method on a Network and Its Computational Implementation

This paper proposes two statistical methods, called the network K‐function method and the network cross K‐function method, for analyzing the distribution of points on a network. First, by extending the ordinary K‐function method defined on a homogeneous infinite plane with the Euclidean distance, the paper formulates the K‐function method and the cross K‐function method on a finite irregular network with the shortest‐path distance. Second, the paper shows advantages of the network K‐function methods, such as that the network K‐function methods can deal with spatial point processes on a street network in a small district, and that they can exactly take the boundary effect into account. Third, the paper develops the computational implementation of the network K‐functions, and shows that the computational order of the K‐function method is O(n²_Q log n_Q) and that of the network cross K‐function is O(n_Q log U3Q), where n_Q is the number of nodes of a network.     

"传统"与"专门知识"——浅谈日本语教育中的"使用意识"问题

"使用意识"对于日本语教育来说是一个极其重要的侧面,但在此之前似乎还没有得到应有的重视。对于"使用意识"的深入研究将会使从事日本语教育的工作者更好地探明日语学习者出现日语误用的原因,"使用意识"的加强将会使日语学习者更好地避免日语误用的发生。     

The revival of rituals among the Sakha‐Yakut and the Hokkaido Ainu

The revival of rituals has been one of the serious concerns of indigenous peoples. This paper deals with cultural revitalization movements among the Sakha‐Yakut in eastern Siberia and the Ainu in Hokkaido. First, it examines the revival of rituals among the Sakha. The relationship between recent cultural revitalization movements and shamanism in a broad sense, as well as the revival of rituals, focussing especially on the ysyakh festival, are examined, and the motivation for this revival is discussed. Second, the cultural revitalization movements among the Ainu after the Second World War and the recent revival of their rituals are described and the motivation for it discussed. Finally, the paper compares the revival of rituals among these two different ethnic groups and discusses its significance.     

有关新出的粟特文资料——新手书记写给父亲的一封信:兼介绍日本西严寺橘资料

引言 笔者从1980年代之后,一直从事介绍与研究新疆维吾尔自治区以及中原地区近几十年所发现的粟特文资料的工作.在其过程中,我曾解读了阿斯塔那出土的女奴隶买卖契约文书(公元639年)、柏孜克里克出土的摩尼教粟特文书札三件(11世纪初)、佛教粟特文断片、以及由粟特文字转写的摩尼教帕提亚文赞歌.此外,向学术界介绍了昭苏县石人上所刻的碑文、①库车地区库木吐拉、克孜尔石窟寺院墙壁上杂写的粟特文.2003年,西安史君墓里出土了一块双语墓志,在北京大学荣新江教授的帮助下,挖掘后不久,笔者有幸得到其照片,并能够解读其内容.不久前,笔者解读了吐鲁番盆地巴达木出土的盖有汉字官印的粟特文书札(662年)断片,发现该书札是有关突厥葛罗禄的报告书.此后中国学者指出,该文书与推测于同一地方发现的汉文文书在内容上有重     

An Empirical Comparison of Edge Effect Correction Methods Applied to K‐function Analysis

This paper explores various edge correction methods for K‐function analysis via Monte Carlo simulation. The correction methods discussed here are Ripley's circumference correction, a toroidal correction, and a guard area correction. First, simulation envelopes for a random point pattern are constructed for each edge correction method. Then statistical powers of these envelopes are analyzed in terms of the probability of detecting clustering and regularity in simulated clustering/regularity patterns. In addition to the K‐function, K(h), determined for individual distances, h, an overall statistic k is also examined. A major finding of this paper is that the K‐function method adjusted by either the Ripley or toroidal edge correction method is more powerful than what is not adjusted or adjusted by the guard area method. Another is that the overall statistic k outperforms the individual K(h) across almost the entire range of potential distances h.     

文学研究の激変と現在の課題--「起源」を発見した「終焉」の認識を出発点に

はじぬに 战后60年,中国も日本も世界ツステムの激变のをかごぬさましぃ变动を经验してきた。とりゎけ中国は改革开放政策以来のタロ一バリゼ一 ツョソの进展の中、近年ごはめましぃスど一ド礻シごトか普及し、世界と直接的につをかるマルチメディアの时代に突入してぃる。     

20世纪70年代的日本近代文学研究

以柄谷行人的《日本近代文学的起源》一书为标志,日本近代文学研究界在理念上发生了重大改变。这项对既有的日本近代文学研究成果的再认识有助于人们近一步廓清日本近代文学研究的轨迹。