THE CHANGING RESIDENTIAL STRUCTURE OF MONTREAL 1971–81

This paper attempts to analyse the changing residential composition of the Montreal metropolitan region over time. More specifically, it examines the principal dimensions of Montreal's residential structure in 1971 and 1981, by conducting two separate factorial analyses based on census data; this part of the study is completed by a direct analysis of change, through factor analysing indices established by combining 1971 and 1981 variables The cross-sectional comparisons underline the regularities between the two residential configurations. The analysis of relative changes uncovers the principal modifications in Montreal's residential space through the period, showing in particular that some neighbourhoods registered major shifts in the composition of their population, due to ethno-linguistic movements or to social mobility. Cet article analyse le portrait changeant dans le temps de la structure résidentielle de la région métropolitaine de Montréal. Basée sur deux analyses factorielles con-duites séparément à partir des données de recensement, la première partie s'attache à décrire les dimensions maîtresses qui structurent l'espace résidentiel de Montréal en 1971 et 7981; cette analyse est ensuite complétée par une étude plus directe du changement qui repose sur une analyse factorielle d'indicateurs établis en combinant les variables de 1971 et 1981. La compa-raison des analyses factorielles transversales souligne la régularité de la structure résidentielle de Montréal dans le tpmps, alors que l'analyse des variables de changement relatiffait ressortir les modifications majeures qui ont transformé l'espace métropolitain au cours des années soixante-dix. Elle montre, par exemple, que plu-sieurs quartiers ont enregistré des changements impor-tants dans la composition de leur population, suite à un processus de gentrification ou de mobilité ethno-Iinguistique.     

Erosion and Nutrient Loss on Sloping Land under Intense Cultivation in Southern Vietnam

To help improve the well‐being of the local people, a joint Vietnamese‐UK team set out to establish a way of estimating soil and nutrient losses under different land management scenarios, using field data extrapolated through remote sensing and GIS, to obtain catchment‐wide estimates of the impact of land cover change. Immigration from remote provinces to the Dong Phu District of Binh Phuóc Province, about 120 km north of Ho Chi Minh City, has led to disruption of soil surface stability on easily eroded clayey sandstones, creating rapid nutrient depletion that affects crop yields and siltation in the channel of the Rach Rat river downstream. The poor farmers of the areas see crop yields drop dramatically after two or three years of cultivation due to the fertility decline. Soil loss varies dramatically between wet season and dry season and with ground cover. Erosion bridge measurements showed a mean loss of 85.2 t ha^?1 y^?1 under cassava saplings with cashew nuts, 43.3 t ha^?1 y^?1 on uncultivated land and 41.7 t ha^?1 y^?1 under mature cassava. The rates of erosion were higher than those reported in many other parts of Vietnam, reflecting the high erodibility of the friable sandy soils on the steep side‐slopes of the Rach Rat catchment. However, although the actual measurements provide better soil loss data than estimates based on the parameters of soil loss equations, a large number of measurement sites is needed to provide adequate coverage of the crop and slope combinations in this dissected terrain for good prediction using GIS and remote sensing.     

THE LEAD INGOTS OF CAPO PASSERO: ROMAN GLOBAL MEDITERRANEAN TRADE

Summary.   Epigraphic and isotopic analysis of the lead ingots recovered from a shipwreck off Capo Passero (in Sicily) in mid-2006 suggests that the ingots were produced in Spain, in the Cartagena region. The shipwreck is estimated to have occurred around 38 BC, at the beginning of the Hispanic era. This provides further evidence that the Romans were trading lead throughout the Mediterranean Sea.     

Modélisation spatiale de la pauvretéà Montréal: apport méthodologique de la régression géographiquement pondérée

Spatial Modeling of Poverty in Montréal: Methodological Contribution of the Geographically Weighted Regression
The Island of Montréal is particularly concerned with the issue of poverty. In 2000, 29 percent of its inhabitants lived under the low income cut-offs as defined by Statistics Canada. However, poverty is not a homogeneous phenomenon at the intra-urban scale, and identifying and categorizing spaces of poverty has become a main concern for ongoing researches. According to this way of thinking, this paper proposes an analysis of the factors influencing the geographical distribution of poverty on the Island of Montréal. To be able to identify properly the various profiles of poverty, this analysis uses a specific methodology, the geographically weighted regression (GWR), and compares its results with the ones of a classical regression model. At the global level, the most important factors to explain poverty are in order: unemployment, lone-parent families, one person households, recent immigrants, part time or part year workers, school dropouts. At the local level,     

SOIL-STRUCTURE AND SOIL-STRUCTURE-SOIL INTERACTION: EXPERIMENTAL EVIDENCE AT THE VOLVI TEST SITE

This paper shows the results of two passive experiments carried out at the European Volvi test site where a scaled building has been constructed. The first experiment was performed to study the motion of the structure excited by two small earthquakes. For one month, six strong-motion recorders were installed within the structure, at the top and at the basement. The analysis of the deformation of the structure has been assessed by computing the spectral ratio between the top and the bottom, with a special focus on soil-structure interaction. An analytical model was then proposed to reproduce the structure and soil-structure system behaviour. The soil-structure interaction was accounted for by using impedance functions. During the second experiment, we concentrated our efforts on the effect of the building vibration on the surface ground motion. An explosive shot was fired and several strong-motion recorders were installed on the ground close to the structure that allowed us to clearly identify a monochromatic wave coming from the building, in the time and frequency domains. This experiment allows us to demonstrate the non-negligible effect of the soil-structure-soil interaction that may disturb the surrounding ground motion.     

ATTENUATION RELATION FOR WEST EURASIA DETERMINED WITH RECENT NEAR-FAULT RECORDS FROM CALIFORNIA,JAPAN AND TURKEY

Strong ground motion close to a fault can be expected to be very large, so its estimation is essential for human safetv. Although a few strong-motion data exist for the west Eurasian region, we proposed in a previous work [Berge-Thierry et al., 2003] an attenuation relation for spectral acceleration using strong-motion data recorded in west Eurasia (mainly in Europe) and some in the western United States: this relationship was derived for the French Safety Rule, which is applied for seismic hazard assessment at nuclear power plants. In this study, we propose a constraining of the amplitude saturation term related to the proximity of the fault, and an adding of an amplitude saturation term in the regression model. We add, to the data-set previously used to derive the west Eurasian attenuation relationship strong-motions recorded during recent large earth-quakes: the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) event in Japan and the 1999 Kocaeli (Izmit) event in Turkey. The regression analysis, adopted from Fukushima and Tanaka [1990], is non-linear, so an iterative procedure is applied. The determined regression coefficients lead to a prediction of a peak ground acceleration of about 0.7 g for soil site conditions at a fault distance of 0.5 km. The Q coefficient deduced, from the distance coefficient is in agreement with scattering Q models. The introduction of the saturation term leads to significantly lower predictions of average spectral accelerations at short distances as compared with using the Berge-Thierry et al. [2003] empirical model.     

Inscrire le pouvoir municipal dans l'espace urbain: la formation du réseau des pares à Montréal et Toronto, 1880–1940

Comment le réseau des pares urbains, ce précieux legs constitué en majeure partie entre la fin du 19e siècle et le milieu du 2CP siècle, s'est‐il forméà Montréal et Toronto? Est‐il possible de dégager un pattern d'implantation des pares et plus globalement des espaces de loisir qui nous renseignerait sur les logiques ayant présidéà leur aménagement? En reconstituant le processus de formation de tels réseaux entre 1880 et 1940, cet article met aujour certaines des caractéristiques de l'intervention des administrations montréalaise et torontoise dans le secteur des loisirs urbains et plus largement dans le développement de la ville. Autant que des espaces récréatifs, les pares peuvent être considérés comme des lieux par l'intermédiaire desquels le pouvoir municipal, en plein développement à cette époque, a cherchéà marquer le tissu urbain de sa présence, a se déployer dans l'espace. Plus qu'un travail d'aménagement physique, l'aménagement des pares représente ainsi un travail de structuration politique. Cet article presente ce double processus de structuration du territoire montréalais et torontois: d'abord sur le plan physique, en reconstituant comme les réseaux des pares se sont déployés dans l'espace urbain des deux villes; puis sur le plan politique, en examinant la manière dont les autorités locales vont considérer le problème et les modalités de leurs interventions. How was the system of urban parks, a treasured legacy of the end of the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth centuries, formed in Montreal and Toronto? Is it possible to discern a pattern regarding the creation of parks and leisure spaces in general that would enlighten us on the principles of their management? By retracing the development of this network between 1880 and 1940, this article identifies certain traits characterizing Montreal and Toronto municipal governments with regard to their policies in the urban leisure sector, and more generally, the cities' growth. In addition to being recreational spaces, parks may also be seen as a medium through which emerging municipal powers sought to make their mark on the urban fabric, to increase their visibility in the city. Therefore, park management was more than a simple administrative question: it also served a broader goal of fashioning political structures. This article describes both facets of territorial development in Montreal and Toronto: on a geographical/material level, by retracing the process through which a network of parks was incorporated into the urban landscape of both cities; and on a political level, by examining way in which local authorities conceived of this process and planned their actions.     

‘Tangled up in Blue’: The Death,Dress and Identity of an Early Viking-Age Female Settler from Ketilsstaðir,Iceland

IN 1938, a woman’s burial was uncovered by road builders at Ketilsstaðir in north-eastern Iceland. Recently, her physical remains and associated funerary goods were re-examined by an international, interdisciplinary team and formed the basis for an exhibition at the National Museum of Iceland in 2015. This paper focuses on the items of dress that accompanied the woman — born in the British Isles, but who migrated to Iceland at a very young age — to gain insights into the ways her cultural identity was expressed at the time of her death. Here we explore the roles played by material culture in signaling her identity, and the technologies and trade networks through which she was connected, visually, to Scandinavia, the British Isles, and the Viking world at large.