THE PALEOLITHIC CAVE ART OF VASCO-CANTABRIAN SPAIN

Summary. This article explores the relationship between cave art and Upper Paleolithic archeology in northern Spain (and extreme southwestern France). Among the 83 known art sanctuaries, only three can probably be terminus ante quem dated to the early Upper Paleolithic (c. 35,000-20,000 BP). Other types of evidence (virtual absence of ornaments and mobile art objects before the Solutrean, stylistic similarities between works of late Upper Paleolithic mobile art and parietal art, overwhelming association of Solutrean and/or Magdalenian cultural deposits with art sanctuaries) clearly suggest that most of the cave art was done in the period between c. 20,000-10,000 BP. Cave art sanctuaries are distributed in non-random fashion. The clusters of sanctuaries usually correspond with dense clusters of habitation sites. The clusters are separated by substantial geographical gaps. These chronological and geographical facts coincide with contemporaneous subsistence intensification, all of which tends to support the hypothesis of increased territorialism in the late Last Glacial.     

CANADA'S NATIONAL PARKS: A MODEL OF ADMINISTRATIVE PENETRATION

National parks can no longer be considered as pristine ecosystems protected by impenetrable boundaries. It is now realised that many forces outside national park boundaries create significant changes within those boundaries. To date, most attention has focussed upon penetration by biophysical factors. This paper addresses another aspect, external influence over decision making in the parks. It suggests that three main groups - entrepreneurs, environmentalists, and aboriginal peoples - have been dominant in different time periods, and uses case studies to illustrate the rise to current prominence of aboriginal peoples. Reasons are suggested for this ascendancy.
Les pares nationaux ne peuvent plus être considérés comme des écosystèmes primitifs protégés par des limites impénétrables. On remarque à présent que beaucoup de forces en dehors des limites des pares nationaux peuvent créer des changements significatifs à &lcaron intérieur de ces limites. Jusquà maintenant la plupart des études ont traité de la pénétration par des facteurs biophysiques. Cet article traite &dcaron un autre facteur, une influence externe qui agit sur les décisions prises au sujet des pares. Nous suggérons que trois groupes principaux - les entrepreneurs, les écologistes et les populations autochtones - ont été dominants à des époques différentes, et soumettrons des études de cas pour illustrer comment les populations autochtones sont arriveées à la dominance. Nous offrirons également des raisons pour cette ascension.     

Thinking about security in Africa

This article attempts to clarify some of the central questions and distinctions that provide the necessary backdrop for thinking in a sophisticated way about security in Africa. Drawing on the developing Critical Security Studies literature it suggests that an understanding of security based on people, justice and change offers the surest route to a stable future. It then sketches preliminary answers to some fundamental questions, namely: whose security should be prioritized? How have security dynamics in Africa been influenced by the wider processes driving world politics? What clusters of threats are the most salient? Where do such threats have the most pernicious effects? Which actors are best placed to alleviate those threats? And what sort of institutions should be built to assist in that process? The role of outsiders concerned with promoting security on the continent should be to try to ensure that as many Africans as possible are able to voice their opinions on these crucial issues.