日本机密档案中的伍廷芳

本文运用日本外交档案,叙述伍廷芳与日本驻华外交官的秘密接触,及伍氏向日方提供清廷上层情 报,揭露翁同龢、李鸿章之间尖锐矛盾由来及发展,从而可全面了解伍廷芳其人。     

The late Qing “national language” issue and monolingual systems: Focusing on political diplomacy

ABSTRACT

Established as a multiethnic and multilingual empire, the Qing dynasty used Manchu, Chinese, and other languages in its government. Influenced by nationalism, the court attempted to establish Manchu as the “national language.” Yet over time, the “national language movement” resulted in Chinese being adopted as the “national language.” Occurring in the twilight years of the Qing, this transition reflected the moribund fate of the Qing empire against the rising tide of Chinese nationalism at the turn of the twentieth century.