A Cost-Based Ripley’s <Emphasis Type="Italic">K</Emphasis> Function to Assess Social Strategies in Settlement Patterning

Most quantitative approaches to distributional analysis in archaeology assume a homogeneous study surface that is amenable to easy generalisations. This framework has been widely used to describe settlement processes, disregarding the spatial heterogeneity inherent to geographic reality. In other words, researchers have often assumed that the correlation between the elements of a spatial distribution is a function of the Euclidean distance (i.e. straight line distance) between them. Other archaeological studies have tested alternative measures to Euclidean distances, such as cost-based ones, both to describe optimal routes and to assess spatial autocorrelation in a point pattern. Nevertheless, until now there has been no suitable model to introduce these measures into spatial statistical equations. In order to overcome this obstacle, we approach the implementation problem inversely by embedding the spatial pattern under study into a Euclidean frame of reference based on its cost-distance pairwise matrix. This paper describes the application of this methodology on one of the main tools used by archaeologists to assess settlement patterns: Ripley’s K function. We present two case studies, covering both macroscale and mesoscale, with significant variations in the results depending on the use of the Euclidean or cost-based approach. Data, functions and results have been R-packaged for the sake of reproducibility and reusability, allowing other researchers to build upon our methods.     

The Colour Purple? Reconsidering the Greek Word halourgos (ἁλουργός) and its Relation to Ancient Textiles

The aim of the present article is to reconsider the interpretation of the Greek word halourgos (?λουργ??) and its relation to textiles and purple dye by reinvestigating its recordings in Greek epigraphy and the papyri, as well as comparative examples from Greek literary sources, in the period from the fourth century bc to the seventh century ad — thus combining the source material from ancient Greece and the Greek-speaking part of the Roman world. This will illustrate the wealth of information one can get from the exploration of one single word: not only on the significance and appearance of textiles and garments in the ancient world from Greece to Egypt, but also on the diversity of colours and the subtleties in their use and terminology.     

HOME-BASED MEDICAL SERVICES GET POPULAR IN LHASA

正Whenever anybody feels uncomfortable,a doctor,once called,will immediately come to provide his or her services.As part of the new wave of doctors providing their services to smaller communities,"homebased doctors"are gradually being introduced to common civilian homes.At present,Lhasa City has been positively promoted the home-     

Wissenschaftsstädte – Zur Bedeutung des Topos der ‘kreativen Stadt’ für die Wissensproduktion

Science Cities: What the Concept of the Creative City Means for Knowledge Production. – The article aims to show that the relationship of science and the city has changed since the 1970s in the context of the knowledgeable society. While cities have principally been regarded as the typical space of science, of new ideas and innovation for centuries, since the 1960s and 1970s universities, research institutes as well as industrial research institutes have relocated to the periphery of cities. There, however, these sites of knowledge have been organized in an ‘urban mode’. That means that the concept of the city as a place of science and innovation has determined the architectural, spatial, and social organization of these sites on the periphery of cities. Certain features of the city have been copied, such as social infrastructures, places of communication, restaurants, cafes etc., while others have been left out – housing, cinema, theatre etc. An ‘urban mode of knowledge production’ in the sense of a very stylized model of the city has become a tool to enhance the production of scientific and technological knowledge. – The article exemplifies this by focusing on a case study, namely of the so‐called ‘Science City’ of the Siemens Company in Munich‐Neuperlach.     

浅析《诗经》中的玉文化

本文整理了《诗经》中与玉有关的文献资料,并根据不同的功用,将其分为装饰物、祭祀用器、指代美好事物、身份的象征、用于社会交往、赏赐品等六类,认为其主要反映出周人的用玉观念。通过对这些资料及其所反映的玉文化的分析,可以得出几点认识:《周礼》中关于祭祀用六器的记载确有其事;玉器作为礼器有着其特定的使用环境;而周代以玉用于赏赐和社会交往的文化功能,为我们审视墓葬出土玉器提供了新的思考角度。     

红河谷，爱情之谷

在我的眼里,红河大峡谷是最美、最神秘的大峡谷了。千百年来,红河这条发源于大理市巍山县境内的国际大河流,经过新平、元江等县后流入红河哈尼族彝族自治州境内后,在到达河口县汇入越南为止时的这一区域,那奔腾不息的红河水在以鬼斧神工的技艺创造出狭长、险峻的红河大峡谷这独特的地理、美景之时,也哺育了生活在大峡谷两岸的傣族、哈尼族、彝族等各族人民,孕育出了各族人民奇异、独特、神秘的民族文化。