Testing hypotheses of independence on symmetrical artifacts

Independence between attributes on artifacts with two equivalent loci has ordinarily been tested only when the loci can be differentiated from each other, say as left or right side or as distal or proximal end. If such an identification does not exist, is uncertain or is irrelevant, then a test of independence requires a special statistical procedure. Such a procedure is given here. Applications are illustrated for coreplatforms, geometric microliths and arrow-head typology, and an extension to artifacts with several equivalent loci is determined.     

The Natural Environment of the Shipwreck Vrouw Maria (1771) in the Northern Baltic Sea: an assessment of her state of preservation

Vrouw Maria, a merchant vessel sailing from Amsterdam to St Petersburg in 1771, ran aground in the northern Baltic Sea. Her cargo included Dutch works of art bought by Catherine the Great. The wreck was located in 1999, 41 m deep. This study aims to understand environmental factors and physical stresses affecting the wreck, using three different approaches—studying the wreck as an artificial reef; describing the conditions inside the wreck; and measuring the physical stresses caused by currents. The methods applied were biological, archaeological, hydrological, geological and physical. The data will be a basis for further monitoring. © 2010 The Authors     

WOMEN IN RELIEF WORK

This article suggests that it could be fruitful to approach women's employment in the context of the labour market rather than the household. In Finland until World War II, the public‐work schemes and relief work were the preferred policies concerning unemployed men and women. Women eligible to relief work were taken to work in mainly textiles in non‐residential workhouses. The difficulties faced in applying the ‘workfare’ policy to unemployed women paved the way for cash benefits in post‐war Finland. It is suggested that the Finnish case opens up a wider perspective on the relationship between the ideology of workfare and the rise and fall of the hegemony of wage labour.     

Reviews

The Bryggen Papers. Main Series, vol. 1. Oslo, (1985). ISBN 82–00–07289–4. 280 pp.

Saari, Heikki: Re‐enactment: A Study in R. G. Collingwood's Philosophy of History. (Acta Academia Aboensis. Ser. A, vol. 63,2. 1984). 141 pp.

Suomen taloushistoria 3. Historiallinen tilas to (The economic history of Finland 3. Historical statistics). Ed. by Kaarina Vattula. Helsinki, (1983). ISBN 951–30–5089–0. 470 pp.

Paasivirta, Juhani, Suomi ja Eurooppa 1914–1939 (Finland and Europe 1914–1939). Helsinki, (1984). ISBN 951–26–2588–1. 548 pp.