考古发现与唐宋时期的体育活动

中国古代体育活动,自秦汉时期出现了中国历史上第一个高潮之后,经过魏晋南北朝的一段沉寂,到唐宋时期又出现了中国古代体育发展史上一个新的鼎盛时期。自唐伊始,随着国家大一统局面的再次形成和发展,社会生活趋于稳定,有力地促     

The cultural construction of Italy in Albania and vice versa: Migration dynamics,strategies of resistance and politics of mutual self-definition across colonialism and post-colonialism

This article analyses the shifting ways in which Italy has been strategically represented in Albania during the different key passages of the latter's relatively recent history as a sovereign independent state. As a parallel narrative, the article also examines the way Albania has been equally strategically represented in Italy before and during the two periods in which Italy has been militarily involved in Albania, and the way this has been consistent with an attempt to elaborate and sustain a politically strategic definition of Italian identity and culture. The history of the asymmetrical relationship between Albania and Italy is deeply embedded in the social, cultural and political environments that are on the two shores of the Adriatic Sea. The cultural construction of Albania in Italy and vice versa of Italy in Albania should be linked to seemingly independent instances of domestic reforms. The dynamics of projective identification or dis-identification stemming from these instances should be seen as intertwined within two parallel processes of mutual definition encompassing both the colonial and the postcolonial relations between and within the two countries.     

OPTIMUM LOCATION AND THEORY OF THE FIRM UNDER A REGULATORY CONSTRAINT*

This paper attempts to incorporate space in the theory of a regulated firm. It will show that the A-J effects are not affected in a spatial setting. In addition, it will also demonstrate that as the difference between the regulated fair rate of return and the unconstrained profit-maximizing rate of return on capital becomes greater, the optimum location of the regulated firm moves towards the site of the product market, if capital and labor are complements (substitutes) and if marginal transportation costs (with respect to distance) are an increasing (decreasing) function of labor usage.     

原始形态体育器械的考古学分析——史前劳动工具与原始形态的体育器械

人类文化的产生,由某种意义上说,是从人类的劳动开始的,而人类的劳动又是从制造工具开始的。因此,工具的出现,就意味着人类生产活动的肇始,意味着人类以工具为手段在改变自然界的同时,进而改变人类自身的开始。具有自觉意识的人类的活动,在迈上原始体育形态的第一步台阶时,劳动工具的使用起着重要作用。人类原始的劳动工具,是一种多用途的"人工器官",因此,史前的劳动工具,是反映原始人类文化形态的显著标志。这些工具既是人类同大自然进行斗争的工具,在一定程度上,又是进行身体运动的主要辅助手段。当原始生产工具由于加工技术的发展而不断进步的时候,它们也开始被用于人类进行自身改造的活动中去。从人类利用工具作为器械在改造自然界的同时,进行有意识地自身改造开始,人类原始的体育形态就形成了。但这一发展却经历了极其漫长的过程,在这一漫长的过程中,原始的体育运动器械处于和生产工具不分的状态,即主要用于狩猎、采集的许多生产工具,在一定程度上也被用于身体练习和娱乐活动。如旧石器在晚期,除了石球、石镞和石矛几种新器形的出现外,还有斧形小石刀,雕刻器、钻头等。这些主要是作为切、刮、剥工具来应用于人们生活中的。不过,像小石刀等,后来多数是作为复合工具使用的,因此,它对石镞,石矛等复合工具的发展,也产生了一定的影响。因此,原始生产工具的不断发展进步,也就潜在地为专用原始体育器械的诞生作好了准备。原始社会后期,随着生产力的发展,人类文化的进步和人类活动方式的扩大,许多生产工具在功能方面开始分化。虽然这时的工具仍以石器为主。但在制作方式上,磨制的已占多数,且更为精致,器形种类也大大增多了;同时,骨、角、蚌、木、陶等质料的工具也更加丰富。这一方面反映了人们的经济生活提高了,生活的手段增强了,同时,适应人类运动形式的需要,也演化出了一些颇具专门化的运动器械。但更重要的一点是,工具的改进,为人类文化形态的发展提供了物质前提。对原始体育形态来说,工具的进步与类型的增加,为人们提供了更加丰富的活动手段,在一定程度上,扩大了人们在原始体育上的活动方式。通过考古资料所反映的原始时代工具的发展和功能特点的转化,可以看出原始体育形态从形成到逐步发展的事实。旧石器时代的工具,种类少,形式简单,且多为一器多用。像刮削器、砍砸器、尖状器,甚至石镞、石球等,所显示出的原始体育活动的某些功能只是间接的,其主要特点还是作为当时人类生存谋生的手段。至新石器时代,随着社会和原始经济生活的进步,人们活动领域和内容的扩展,许多工具已经不是生产工具与劳动对象的简单接触所产生的了。这些经过人们精心设计的工具,在原始体育文化的发展中产生了重要的作用,一是许多工具在最初由适应狩猎业和原始农业,逐渐也具有了原始体育活动器械的功能;一是出现了直接用于原始体育活动的器械。这两种变化,使原始的生产、生活工具在推动原始体育形态从其他社会活动中完全分离转化出来,并向文明时代体育形态演化创造了条件。     

Embodied cosmopolitanisms: the subjective mobility of migrants working in the global sex industry

Anti-trafficking rhetoric and policies emphasise the extent of exploitation and coercion of female migrant sex workers and obfuscate the shared ambivalences and contradictions experienced by migrant female sex workers and their male agents and partners. By engaging in the global sex industry, both young men and women negotiate their aspiration to cosmopolitan late modern lifestyles against the prevalence of essentialist patriarchal gender values and sexual mores at home. In the process, established gender normativities, legitimising women's subjection to men, are both reproduced and challenged. The evidence informing this article shows that a minority of women are coerced into the sex industry. There is a direct link between the adherence to essentialist gender/sexual roles and the recourse to violence and exploitation, because migrants' prolonged involvement in the sex industry coincides with the adherence to more cosmopolitan gender/sexual roles, translating into less authoritarian and violent discourses and practices. Hegemonic understandings of migrants' involvement in the global sex industry in terms of ‘trafficking’ erase these important dynamics and dimensions, which underpin intricate feelings and experiences of advantage, disadvantage and exploitation. By failing to engage with the meanings that migrants working in the sex industry ascribe to their working and personal lives, the (anti)trafficking logic of ‘humanitarian intervention’ enforces forms of solidarity and support that appeal to the minority and harm the majority of the people they are supposed to ‘rescue’.     

Female Icons,Feminist Iconography? Socialist Rhetoric and Women's Agency in 1950s China

This article examines the construction of female subjectivity in emulation campaign materials of early Maoist China. Through critical examination of ‘nüjie diyi’ (the first female) model workers, I argue that Maoist proletarian subjectivity reflects a situated agency produced through empowerment and salvationist impulses. As the first women to engage in traditionally male professions like tractor driving, ‘nüjie diyi’ models can be read as objects of CCP policies and ideology. At the same time, however, their public presence challenged gendered conceptualisations of workplace, technological competence and proletarian identity. Moreover, their close ties to Soviet experts located these women within a geopolitical structure that occasioned alternative sites of female agency. As icons of socialist China and representatives of state‐sponsored feminism, ‘diyi’ women embodied historical progress and social change. Through these women multiple contending subjectivities emerged which simultaneously promised and delimited national feminist rhetoric and agency.     

LÖSCHIAN COMPETITION VERSUS SPATIAL COLLUSION: PRICE AND WELFARE COMPARISONS*

ABSTRACT. Löschian duopoly under heterogeneous cost conditions is examined to show that it is not equivalent, contra past findings, to spatial collusion. Moreover, within the confines of the assumed demand and cost conditions spatial collusion is shown to be superior to Loschian competition in terms of both (aggregate) consumer surplus and producer surplus, which implies a possible welfare gain from collusion. A general, if not the general, prices-and-welfare comparison of alternative pricing schema including collusive, Löschian, and optimal pricing is summarily presented in a table.