A STUDY OF GLASS TESSERAE FROM MOSAICS IN THE MONASTERIES OF DAPHNI AND HOSIOS LOUKAS (GREECE)

In this work 51 glass mosaic tesserae from decorations of the two Greek monasteries of Daphni and Hosios Loukas were analysed by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, electron microprobe analysis and X‐ray powder diffraction. On the basis of the chemical analyses, after discrimination between the tesserae of the original decorations and those from other periods, it was possible to outline the distinctive traits of Byzantine mosaic tesserae. In both the monasteries, the original mosaics were decorated with tesserae produced with plant ash based glass, either of the typical composition or a mixture with natron type glass. The samples from the Hosios Loukas decorations show a more homogeneous composition compared with those from Daphni. The major differences among the original samples are due to the presence of opacifiers and colourants.     

MOSAIC GLASS FROM ST PETER'S,ROME: MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES AND RAW MATERIALS EMPLOYED IN LATE 16TH‐CENTURY ITALIAN OPAQUE GLASS

A recent restoration of late 16th‐century mosaics in one of the vaults beneath the dome of St Peter's Basilica in Rome allowed sampling and analysis of a group of glass tesserae. The aim of this work is the characterization of opaque coloured glasses possibly produced in Rome. The characteristics of the glass from St Peter's were compared with those of Venetian and Tuscan production, in order to assess possible common origins. Chemical analysis of 30 samples was carried out by electron microprobe, while the nature and morphology of opacifiers were determined by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. Almost all the opaque samples were characterized by the presence of SnO₂ crystals. In addition, depending on the colour of the glass, other crystalline phases were identified: lead‐tin oxide (PbSnO₃) in yellow glass, cuprite (Cu₂O) in orange glass and two calcium‐tin silicates with different stoichiometry (CaSnSiO₅ and Ca₃SnSi₂O₉) in the green‐yellow variety. A frame of reference for identifying raw materials and glass‐making techniques is provided by textual sources, here examined in comparison with the compositional characteristics of the tesserae from St Peter's.