遭遇与机遇:19世纪末中国农村手工业的曲折经历--以直鲁农村手工纺织业为例

19世纪末,直鲁农村手工纺织业在外国棉制品的冲击下经历了一个严重衰落的低谷,也迎来与国内发达地区并驾齐驱、与机器棉制品比肩竞争的发展转机,这一曲折经历包含着极为复杂交错的层面。一些学者关于洋布、洋货未能打入华北内地、甚至纠缠于“帝国主义是现实还是神话”的看法值得商榷;“封建、落后”的农村经济在突来的冲击面前所表现出的强韧性和对抗能力,在机遇面前所显示出的与时俱进的品质以及对新技术和新生产方式的持续容纳能力也同样值得关注。     

晋“假虞伐虢”的道路和战场问题的再探讨——兼与靳生禾、谢鸿喜二先生商榷

公元前658年与655年晋两次"假道于虞以伐虢"道路和战场,与"鄍邑"、与"茅津"均无涉。晋第一次"假虞伐虢",其战场在虢之下阳,所假"虞道"与虢之下阳均在黄河以北。第二次晋"假虞伐虢"灭虢都上阳,师还灭虞,其战场分置于黄河南、北。其行军路线:第一次伐虢邑克下阳,是从晋都绛发兵,经虞坂——虞城——颠軨——傅岩——盘南——下阳;第二次伐虢灭上阳,重走第一次"虞道"经傅岩、盘南至下阳,再从"太阳渡"过河取虢都上阳。原路师还,顺道灭虞,返晋都绛。晋"假虞伐虢"所假"虞道",主指"虞坂——虞城——颠軨"路段。虞坂即盐坂、即青石槽。颠軨即軨桥。宋代以前平陆所设县治均在"大阳故城",即今茅津渡以东约两公里"下滩"一带。春秋时期,傅岩、茅津既不属虞,也不归虢,而是"戎人"与"夷人"的杂居区。古代"鄍"通"冥",所谓"虞邑",此乃暗城也。     

木材中挥发性有机酸的SPMEGC/MS分析研究

采用木材制作的藏展空间,木材释放出的挥发性有机酸,在一定的温湿度条件下,会对文物造成不良的影响,因此需要建立一套对木材挥发性有机酸测定的方法.为此,采用固相微萃取(SPME)样品预处理技术,分离富集木材中的挥发性有机物,结合气相色谱-质谱(GC/MS)联用技术对木材中挥发性有机酸进行半定量分析,研究了9种木材中挥发性有机酸的挥发量和分布规律.结果表明,不同木材有机酸的挥发量差别较大.实验结果可为博物馆在装修和储藏中对材料的筛选提供科学依据.     

博物馆藏展材料评估筛选的薄膜试片测试法

为改善Oddy测试法实验周期长,依靠目测判断腐蚀程度的状况研究建立了一种薄膜试片测试法,研发薄膜试片、设计成套测试容器与夹具、改变测试条件并结合数码采集腐蚀图像和对腐蚀图像数字化分析等简化藏展材料评估筛选实验操作、缩短测试时间和提高结果分级判别能力.另外,固相微萃取和气质联用仪(SPME-GC/MS)被用于表征藏展材料在挥发和降解过程中所释放的污染物成分,佐证其对银、铜和铅金属文物的潜在危害.新建薄膜试片测试法表明,14d的测试周期不仅大大缩短了测试时间,简化了操作,而且薄膜试片的使用也有利于克服人为分级的主观判断性,为数字化分级打下坚实基础.     

无酸纸的发展及其在文物保护中的应用

无酸纸是很重要的一种馆藏文物保护载体.本文对无酸纸的发展现状及在文物保护中的应用进行了总结.同时指出,根据我国文物保护的需要,研制文物保护专用无酸纸并建立相关的评价标准是无酸纸的发展趋势.     

博物馆文物环境用甲醛净化材料评价方法研究

博物馆文物环境因装饰材料所致甲醛污染以及由此产生对文物危害问题已被普遍关注.为了评价净化材料实际使用中对污染物去除净化能力,搭建了静态试验舱,建立了该环境中甲醛的定量分析方法.研究了甲醛溶液法和人造板散发法两种产生甲醛气体的方法,以及吸附材料不同加入方法等对净化材料评价结果的影响,研究试验舱内甲醛浓度随时间的变化规律,建立了净化材料脱附量检测方法,分别测定了活性炭和三种壳聚糖基净化材料的净化效果.结果表明,用人造板散发法产生甲醛气体方法能用于甲醛净化材料的评价,得到净化率指标反映了净化材料在实际文物环境中的应用效果,脱附量指标能直观比对和反映净化材料对污染物的吸附稳定性.     

Construction of a quartz OSL standardised growth curve (SGC) for aeolian samples from the Horqin dunefield in northeastern China

It has been suggested that the standardised growth curve (SGC) method can be used to de-terminate D_e accurately and reduce the measurement time. However, different opinions regarding the applicability of the SGC method exist. In this paper, we report the construction of quartz OSL SGC for 35 aeolian samples from different parts of the Horqin dunefield in northeastern China, and then test their applicability for D_e determination. Our results suggest that: 1) up to a regeneration dose of 80 Gy, the SGC of the Horqin dunefield can be fitted using the exponential plus linear equation, with the r² value of 0.97, and all the regeneration dose points closely stick to the fitting line, implying that all samples share a very similar dose-response curve; 2) for samples with Des ranging from 1 to 50 Gy, the ratios of SAR D_e to SGC D_e fall within the range of 0.9–1.1, and the average ratio of SAR D_e to SGC D_e is 1.01±0.01, close to unity. Therefore, the construction of SGC is correct, and the SGC is an effective procedure for accurate D_e determination for samples from the study area.     

Testing the standardized growth curve (SGC) to OSL dating coastal sediments from the south Bohai Sea, China

It has been suggested that the standardized growth curve (SGC) method can be used to accurately determinate equivalent dose (D_e) and reduce measurement time. However, different opinions regarding the applicability of the SGC method exist. In this paper, we evaluated quartz OSL SGCs of marine and coastal sediments of different grain sizes and different cores in the south Bohai Sea in China, and tested their applicability to the determination of D_e values. Our results suggested as follows: (1) The SGC method is applicable to both multiple- and single-aliquot regenerative-dose (MAR and SAR) protocols of OSL dating and efficiently provides reliable estimates of D_e. (2) Finesand quartz of different palaeodoses showed highly similar dose-response curves and an SGC was developed, but old samples using the SGC method have large uncertainties. (3) For coarse-silt quartz, two different types of dose-response curves were recorded: low-dose (≤60Gy) and high-dose (≥100Gy). The growth curves of low-dose quartz were similar to each other, facilitating the use of SGC in D_e estimations, but errors tended to be larger than those obtained in the SAR method. For high-dose (100–300Gy) quartz, the SGC was also found to be reliable, but there was large uncertainty in D_e (>300Gy) estimation. We suggest that SGC could be employed for the dating of marine and coastal sediments dating using either MAR or SAR OSL protocol and either fine-silt, coarse-silt or fine-sand quartz.     

Tourism in Ethnic Communities: Two Miao Villages in China

The paper is concerned with the ways in which ethnic culture is presented and experienced by tourists with particular reference to two villages in China inhabited by members of the Miao minority group and popular with visitors. The study is based on qualitative and quantitative data derived from primary and secondary sources and findings reveal contrasts and similarities within and between destination residents and visitors regarding attitudes to tourism and its cultural impacts, especially in terms of authenticity. While the cases display unique features, their analysis affords more general insights into the characteristics of this particular form of heritage tourism and its consequences.     

我国的区域经济地理研究与区域经济地理学

区域经济地理学在我国是一个受到特别重视的地理学的一个研究方向,文章讨论了西方和苏联地理学中区域经济地理学的发展情况,和在我国得到特别发展的条件,认为与中国的社会经济体制、改革开放以后地方经济的发展有特别的关系。文章对区域经济地理学学科的发展做了回顾,列举了这个学科在基础理论上的有代表性的成果,认为它已经形成了自己的理论体系,即包括劳动地域分工、经济地域运动和中国社会主义市场经济条件下经济区域化等。文章认为,我国丰富的区域经济生活实践将推动学科进一步发展,并提出了学科在跨学科方向上的发展趋势。