未雨绸缪:张之洞备荒举措及其成效探研

晚清时期,自然灾害频繁发生,光绪年间尤为严重。身处如此时代,张之洞对于备荒问题始终极为重视,尤其是执掌一方后,每到一地均针对当地特点采取了有效的应对之策,最要者主要有建仓积谷、以备饥荒,开垦荒地、均减差徭,修堤防洪、兴利除害,禁种罂粟、推广桑棉,改善交通、发展通讯等。立足于中国历史发展长河,张之洞的备荒举措,既有承自传统的,又有与时俱进的。可以说,既重视前人,又在前人基础上有所发展。这种理论结合实践所提出的备荒主张极具价值,其实践效果也颇为明显,值得肯定。但张之洞备荒举措的实施效果也并非尽如人意,追根溯源,既与具体办事人员办事不力、主政官员更迭及政策未能及时跟进紧密相关,又与传统社会中地方百姓对新事物、新方法的抵触行为密切相连。     

DATING OF THE HOMINID (HOMO NEANDERTHALENSIS) REMAINS ACCUMULATION FROM EL SIDRÓN CAVE (PILOÑA,ASTURIAS, NORTH SPAIN): AN EXAMPLE OF A MULTI‐METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE DATING OF UPPER PLEISTOCENE SITES

The age of Neanderthal remains and associated sediments from El Sidrón cave has been obtained through different dating methods (¹⁴CAMS, U/TH, OSL, ESR and AAR) and samples (charcoal debris, bone, tooth dentine, stalagmitic flowstone, carbonate‐rich sediments, sedimentary quartz grains, tooth enamel and land snail shells). Detrital Th contamination rendered Th/U dating analyses of flowstone unreliable. Recent ¹⁴C contamination produced spurious age‐values from charcoal samples as well as from inadequately pretreated tooth samples. Most consistent ¹⁴C dates are grouped into two series: one between 35 and 40 ka and the other between 48 and 49 ka. Most ESR and AAR samples yielded concordant ages, ranging between 39 and 45 ka; OSL dating results permitted adequate bracketing of the sedimentary layer that contained the human remains. Our results emphasize the value of multi‐dating approaches for the establishment of reliable chronologies of human remains.     

COMPOSITIONAL VARIATION IN ROMAN COLOURLESS GLASS OBJECTS FROM THE BOCHOLTZ BURIAL (THE NETHERLANDS)*

We investigated the major and trace element composition and Pb and Sr isotope characteristics of a series of about 20 colourless glass objects from a single high‐status Roman burial from the Netherlands (Bocholtz). The major elements show a relatively homogeneous group, with one outlier. This is corroborated by the Sr isotopes. Based on the Sb and Pb content, three major groups can be discerned, with two other outliers. This grouping is corroborated by the contents of the trace elements Bi, Sn, Ag, As and Mo, and by variations in lead isotopic ratios. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the glass of all objects was probably made with sand and lime from the same source. The variation in trace elements and lead isotope composition is most likely the result of variations in the composition of the sulphidic antimony ore(s) that were used to decolourize the glass. The composition of the Bocholtz glass is compared with that of other Roman glass, and implications for production models, trade and use of colourless glass objects are discussed. On the basis of isotopic and major element variation, we conclude that the antimony ore presumably originated from different mines.     

A HYBRID APPROACH TO CREATE AN ARCHAEOLOGICAL VISUALIZATION SYSTEM FOR A PALAEOLITHIC CAVE

This paper presents a visualization system based on metric data to manage and disseminate archaeological information on the Internet. We describe the integration of two different types of sensors: laser scanning and close‐range photogrammetry. How we created an automatic and hierarchical approach based on processing and matching the images coming from a digital camera and a terrestrial laser scanner is also shown. This development has created a visualization system combining spherical photographs and georeferences for graphical and numerical data acquired by the sensors. The case study where we have applied this method is the Palaeolithic rock art of the Llonín Cave (Asturias, Spain), which has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO and has restricted public access. Our results demonstrate that this tool integrates data, metadata, services and information, which simplifies the location, identification, selection and management of archaeological information.     

国民革命后期国民党党员志愿兵考论

党员志愿兵是国民党组建党人武装的阶段表现形式.国民党中央对党员志愿兵训练、干部委任的"中共控制"现象颇为警惕,担心中共以征募党员志愿兵的名义组织红军,这是党员志愿兵停止招募的主要原因.武装党人与武力党化的错位循环表明国民党始终没能找到驾驭武力而不为其反噬的有效办法.政党对军队的管辖、裁制主要通过军队中政党组织的制度化建立及对军人党员有较强约束力的常态化支部生活来实现,不取决于军人党员数量.     

高寒地区土地资源利用评价的GIS支持研究——以青海海北藏族自治州为例

土地资源是人类生存的基本资料和劳动对象,是人地关系系统中一个重要的物质信息载体,是评价人类生境的一个重要对象。土地利用是人类在现阶段生产力水平下,对区域土地资源的开发程度和利用情况。土地资源的现状评价,是反映人地关系协调程度的一个重要手段。本文采用目前广泛使用的GIS先进技术手段,对青海省海北藏族自治州土地资源的利用现状进行了评价。表明了GIS技术对该区域土地利用评价起到了缩小工作量,提高精确度的作用。并且从土地利用角度对海北州人地关系现状进行了描述。     

A NEW DATE FOR THE NEANDERTHALS FROM EL SIDRÓN CAVE (ASTURIAS,NORTHERN SPAIN)*

Torres et al. (2010 ) published a series of radiocarbon, AAR, ESR and OSL dates from the site of El Sidrón, northern Spain, which is notable for the discovery of the partial remains of 12 Neanderthals. Whilst the non‐radiocarbon methods suggested an age beyond 32 600–46 300 years, direct radiocarbon dates on the human fossils were inconsistent, ranging between 10 000 and 50 000 bp . This study uses the ultrafiltration pre‐treatment protocol to obtain a date of 48 400 ± 3200 bp (OxA‐21 776) on a bone fragment and confirm the antiquity of the Neanderthal assemblage. Moreover, it demonstrates the comparability of the ultrafiltration and ninhydrin bone radiocarbon pre‐treatment protocols, and highlights the need for appropriate screening methods where valuable collections with poor biomolecular preservation are sampled for collagen extraction.     

CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF TIN‐LEAD GLAZED POTTERY FROM THE IBERIAN PENINSULA AND THE CANARY ISLANDS: INITIAL STEPS TOWARD A BETTER UNDERSTANDING OF SPANISH COLONIAL POTTERY IN THE AMERICAS*

Majolica pottery was the most characteristic tableware produced in Europe during the Medieval and Renaissance periods. Because of the prestige and importance attributed to this ware, Spanish majolica was imported in vast quantities into the Americas during the Spanish Colonial period. A study of Spanish majolica was conducted on a set of 186 samples from the 10 primary majolica production centres on the Iberian Peninsula and 22 sherds from two early colonial archaeological sites on the Canary Islands. The samples were analysed by neutron activation analysis (NAA), and the resulting data were interpreted using an array of multivariate statistical approaches. Our results show a clear discrimination between different production centres, allowing a reliable provenance attribution of the sherds from the Canary Islands.     

西周的"德"与孔子的"仁"——中国传统文化的泛血缘特征初探

周人克殷践奄后,创建了以周天子为天下大宗的,包括同姓和异姓诸侯在内的宗法等级秩序.这种宗法等级秩序在政治制度方面表现为宗盟政体的构建,在意识形态上则表现为泛血缘文化或曰拟血缘文化的创造,即周人以姬姓周天子的血缘为核心的对异姓贵族血缘认同的文化.这种泛血缘文化集中体现在周人所创造的"德"这一宗法伦理价值观念上.西周的"德"与孔子的"仁"二者之间具有沿革承传关系及共同的泛血缘文化特征.