A preliminary statement on the dialogue established between the reform magazine al‐Manar and the Malayo‐Indonesian world

During the period of its publication (1898 to 1936), al‐Manar, under the editorship of Muhammad ‘Abduh and Rashid Rida, received correspondence sent from the Malayo‐Indonesian world for publication in its volumes. This correspondence consists of some 134 requests for legal opinions and 26 articles in the form of: announcements; letters commenting on various matters related to the homeland; letters commenting on previous articles published in al‐Manar; and letters requesting and furnishing advice and information on specific questions.

This correspondence throws light on the dialogue established between the Egyptian reform movement, whose mouthpiece was the magazine al‐Manar, and the reform movement of the Malayo‐Indonesian world in the early decades of this century.     

Exploring the potential linkages between oil‐field brine reinjection,crystalline basement permeability,and triggered seismicity for the Dagger Draw Oil field,southeastern New Mexico,USA, using hydrologic modeling

We used hydrologic models to explore the potential linkages between oil‐field brine reinjection and increases in earthquake frequency (up to M_d 3.26) in southeastern New Mexico and to assess different injection management scenarios aimed at reducing the risk of triggered seismicity. Our analysis focuses on saline water reinjection into the basal Ellenburger Group beneath the Dagger Draw Oil field, Permian Basin. Increased seismic frequency (>M_d 2) began in 2001, 5 years after peak injection, at an average depth of 11 km within the basement 15 km to the west of the reinjection wells. We considered several scenarios including assigning an effective or bulk permeability value to the crystalline basement, including a conductive fault zone surrounded by tighter crystalline basement rocks, and allowing permeability to decay with depth. We initially adopted a 7 m (0.07 MPa) head increase as the threshold for triggered seismicity. Only two scenarios produced excess heads of 7m five years after peak injection. In the first, a hydraulic diffusivity of 0.1 m² s^?1 was assigned to the crystalline basement. In the second, a hydraulic diffusivity of 0.3 m² s^?1 was assigned to a conductive fault zone. If we had considered a wider range of threshold excess heads to be between 1 and 60 m, then the range of acceptable hydraulic diffusivities would have increased (between 0.1–0.01 m² s^?1 and 1–0.1 m² s^?1 for the bulk and fault zone scenarios, respectively). A permeability–depth decay model would have also satisfied the 5‐year time lag criterion. We also tested several injection management scenarios including redistributing injection volumes between various wells and lowering the total volume of injected fluids. Scenarios that reduced computed excess heads by over 50% within the crystalline basement resulted from reducing the total volume of reinjected fluids by a factor of 2 or more.     

From Senegal to Augsburg: Gum Arabic and the Central European Textile Industry in the Eighteenth Century

West Africa’s role in the early modern economy is usually reduced to that of a supplier of forced labour for American plantations while other types of trade — especially direct trade between Western Africa and Europe — are often marginalised in scholarship. This article argues that the West African substance gum arabic played a vital role in the large-scale production of printed cottons and linens in Europe — one of the major areas of popular consumption at the time. Its unique qualities and the fact that it was available in large quantities made gum arabic from Senegal and Mauritania indispensable in producing high-quality prints in large numbers for a reasonable price. The article advances this argument by looking at Central instead of Western Europe, in order to illustrate how pervasive this substance was in the eighteenth century. Even regions far removed from the Atlantic — such as the South German city of Augsburg, in today’s Bavaria — needed to find a way to access this Senegambian product in order to produce their popular textiles. The article thus seeks to contribute to a better understanding of Africa’s role in the development of European textile industries and its contribution to consumption patterns by following a specific material from Western Africa to Central Europe — from Senegal to Augsburg.     

Book reviews

The World on Paper. By David R. Olson (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xix + 319 pp. £17.95/$24.95 cloth.

Milton and the Revolutionary Reader. By Sharon Achinstein (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994) xv + 272 pp. £27.50/$35.00 cloth.

The Rise of Christianity: A Sociologist Reconsiders History. By Rodney Stark (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996) xiv + 246 pp. £16.95/$24.95 cloth.

The Idea of Luxury: A Conceptual and Historical Investigation. By Christopher J. Berry (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xiv + 271 pp. £45.00/$69.95 cloth, £17.95/$24.95 paper.

Will to Live: One Family's Story of Surviving the Holocaust. By Adam Starkopf (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995) 242 pp. $14.95 paper.

Meditations of a Holocaust Traveler. By Gerald E. Markle (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1995), 185 pp. $12.95 paper.

Nazism and German Society. 1933–1945. Edited by David C. Crew (London: Routledge, 1994) xii + 316 pp. £11.99 paper.

Women in Ancient Greece. By Sue Blundell (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1994) 224 pp. $19.95 paper.

The Dear Purchase: A Theme in German Modernism. By J. P. Stern (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) 445 pp. $64.95 cloth.

An Introduction to Political Ideas. Edited by Peter M. R. Stirk and David Weigall (London: Pinter Press, 1995) xv + 385 pp. £14.99 paper.

André Malraux: Politics and the Temptation of Myth. By Gino Raymond, Avery Series in Philosophy (Aldershot: Avebury, Ashgate, 1995) vi + 212 pp. $59.95 paper.

Collingwood Studies, Volume 1: The Life and Thought of R. G. Collingwood. Edited by David Boucher (Swansea: R. G. Collingwood Society, 1994) xiii + 211 pp. paper.

Perversion and Utopia: A Study in Psychoanalysis and Critical Theory. By Joel Whitebook (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1995) 350 pp. $29.95 cloth.

A Vindication of the Rights of Men with a Vindication of the Rights of Woman. By Mary Wollstonecraft, edited by Sylvana Tomaselli, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995) £8.95/$ 10.95 paper, £25.00/$44.95 cloth.

Utopias of British Enlightenment. By Gregory Claeys, History of Political Thought, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xli +305 pp. $19.95 paper.

Baroque Personae. Edited by Rosario Villari, translated by Lydia G. Cochrane (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995) 357 pp. £37.95/ $54.75 cloth.

The Narrative Fiction of Heinrich Boll: Social Conscience and Literary Achievement. Edited by Michael Butler (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xv + 280 pp. £37.50/$59.95 cloth.

La Rochefoucauld and the Language of Unmasking in Seventeenth‐Century France. By Henry C. Clark, Histoire des idees et critique littéraire, vol. 336 (Genève: Droz, 1994), 232 pp. paper.

Jane Austen and the Representation of Regency England. By Roger Sales (London: Routledge, 1996) xxii + 283 pp. £13.99 paper.

Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century. By R. J. Crampton (London: Routledge, 1994), xx + 475 pp. £14.99 paper.

What Is Enlightenment? Eighteenth‐Century Answers and Twentieth‐Century Questions. Edited by James Schmidt (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996) xiii + 563 pp. $50.00 cloth, $24.95 paper.

Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man. By Joan Wallach Scott (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996) 256 pp. $27.95 paper.

Darwin Machines and the Nature of Knowledge. By Henry Plotkin (Cambridge: Harvard University Press 1994) xviii + 269 pp. $26.95 cloth.

Rediscovering History: Culture, Politics, and the Psyche. Edited by Michael S. Roth (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994) xv + 535 pp. $16.95 paper.

Narrative, Authority, and Power: The Medieval Exemplum and the Chaucerian Tradition. By Larry Scanlon (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) xii+ 378 pp. £40.00/$64.95 cloth

Retreat from the Modern: Humanism, Postmodernism and the Flight from Modernist Culture. By N. J. Rengger (London: Bowerdean, 1996) vi+ 122 pp. $14.95 paper.

Nature, Justice and Rights in Aristotle's Politics. By Fred D. Miller (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995) xvii + 424 pp. 40.00 cloth.

Hauptsache Europa: Perspectiven für das Europäischen Parlament. By Peter Schönberger (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1994), Dokumente und Schriften der Europäischen Akademie Otzenhausen, vol. 72, 130 pp. DM 88.00/AS 687/ sFF 88.00 paper.

A Proper Dyaloge betwene a Gentillman and an Husbandman. Edited by Douglas H. Parker (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996) ix + 291 pp. £33.75/$55.00 cloth.

The Genesis of the French Revolution: A Global‐Historical Interpretation. By Bailey Stone (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994) 268 pp. $49.95/ £37.50 cloth $14.95/£11.95 paper.

Britain in the European Union Today. By Colin Pilkington (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1995) 260 pp. £35.00 cloth £9.99 paper.

Erasmus: His Life, Works, and Influence. By Cornelis Augustijn, translated by J. C. Grayson (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991)x + 239 pp. £13.00/$19.95 paper.

Jean‐Jacques Rousseau: Music, Illusion and Desire. By Michael O'Dea (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995) viii + 284 pp. $59.95 cloth.

The Early Political Writings of the German Romantics. Edited and translated by Frederick C. Beiser, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) £37.50/$54.95 cloth, £13.95/$18.95 paper.

Wollstonecraft's Daughters: Womanhood in England and France, 1780–1920. Edited by Clarissa Campbell Orr (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1996) x + 206 pp. $69.95 cloth.

An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. By Jeremy Bentham, edited by J. H. Burns and H. L. A. Hart, with a new introduction by F. Rosen (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1996) cxii + 343 pp. £17.99/$32.00 paper.

Community and Consent: The Secular Political Theory of Marsiglio of Padua's Defensor Pacis. By Cary J. Nederman (Lanham, MD: Rowan & Littlefield, 1995) 161 pp. $22.95 paper, $57.50 cloth.

Osip Mandelstam and the Modernist Creation of Tradition. By Clare Cavanagh (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995) xii + 365 pp. $39.50 cloth.

God and Government in an “Age of Reason.” By David Nicholls (London: Routledge) 1995, xi + 278 pp. £45.00 cloth.

Petersburg, Crucible of Cultural Revolution. By Katerina Clark (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995) xii + 377 pp. $39.95 cloth.

Histoire du suicide: la société occidentale face à la mort volontaire. By Georges Minois (Paris: Fayard, 1995) 421 pp. FF 150.00 paper.

Classical Probability in the Enlightenment. By Lorraine Daston (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995) xviii + 432 pp. $19.95 paper.

Daedalus (Winter, 1996) “Social Suffering.” Edited by V. Das, A. Kleinman, and M. Lock 283 pp. $7.95 (Canada)/ $10.35 (U.S.) paper.

Cultural Politics in Greater Romania: Regionalism, Nation Building, and Ethnic Struggle, 1918–1930. By Irina Livezeanu (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1995) 340 pp. £35.50/$45.00 (U.S.)/ $49.50 (foreign) cloth.

The Correspondence of Sigmund Freud and Sándor Ferenczi, vol. 2, 1914–1919. Edited by Ernst Falzeder and Eva Brabant, translated by Peter T. Hoffer (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996) xlvi +397 pp. $45.00 cloth.

Biologists Under Hitler. By Ute Deichmann, translated by Thomas Dunlap (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996) xviii + 468 pp. $45.00 cloth.

The Crisis of Conservatism: The Politics, Economics and Ideology of the British Conservative Party, 1880–1914. By E. H. H. Green (London: Routledge, 1995) xiv + 412 pp., £50.00 cloth.

Marx: Later Political Writings. Edited by Terrell Carver, Cambridge Texts in the History of Political Thought (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996) xxxiii + 260 pp. £a27.95/$24.95 cloth £9.95/$ 12.95 paper.

A Small City in France: A Socialist Mayor Confronts Neofascism. By Françoise Gaspard, translated by Arthur Goldhammer (Cambridge‐Harvard University Press, 1995) xi + 194 pp. $32.50 cloth $15.95 paper.

Reading Henry James in French Cultural Contexts. By Pierre A. Walker (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1995) xxiv+ 230 pp. $28.50 cloth.

The Glory of van Gogh: An Anthropology of Admiration. By Nathalie Heinich, translated by Paul Leduc Browne (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996) 218 pp. $29.95 paper.

Poor Women and Children in the European Past. Edited by John Henderson and Richard Wall (London: Routledge, 1994) xiii + 347 pp. £45.00 cloth.

Chopin at the Boundaries: Sex, History and Musical Genre. By Jeffrey Kallberg Convergences (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1996) xiii + 301 pp. $45.00 cloth.

After the USSR: Ethnicity, Nationalism, and Politics in the Commonwealth of Independent States. By Anatoly M. Khazanov (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995) xxi + 311 pp. $24.95 cloth.

Reflections on Violence. By John Keane (London: Verso, 1996) 200 pp. £16.95 paper.

Fortuna, Money, and the Sublunar World: Twelfth‐century Ethical Poetics and the Satirical Poetry of the Carmina Burana. By Tuomas M. S. Lehtonen, Bibliotheca Histories 9. (Helsinki: Finnish Historical Society, 1995) 188 pp. paper.

La Pensée politique de Raymond Aron. By Stephane Launay, Recherches politiques (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1995) x + 243 pp. 158 FF paper.

Psychoanalysis and Gender: An Introductory Reader. By Rosalind Minsky (London: Routledge, 1996) xv + 317 pp. $69.95 cloth/$27.75 paper.

Un ?Intellectuel? avant la lettre: le journaliste Pierre Bayle (1647–1706). L'actualité religieuse dans les Nouvelles de la République des Lettres (1684–1687). By Hubert Bost. Etudes de l'Institut Pierre Bayle, Nijmegen (Amsterdam and Maarssen: APA—Holland University Press, 1994) xii + 584 pp. 150 cloth.     

Episodic fluid flow within continental rift basins: some insights from field data and mathematical models of the Rhinegraben

Vitrinite reflectance data from a petroleum exploration well in the northern Upper Rhinegraben show an unusual vertical maturity trend. Above and below a 500 m thick marl layer the vitrinite reflectance levels are consistent with modern, conductive, geothermal gradients. Between about 1000 and 1500 m depth, however, vitrinite reflectance levels are significantly elevated (about 0.6%Ro). This anomaly cannot be explained with one‐dimensional conductive or conductive–convective heat transfer models, and thermal effects of sedimentation or igneous intrusion seem implausible for this geological setting. The thermal anomaly that formed this maturation anomaly must have been hydrothermal in origin, two‐dimensional in nature, and persisted long enough to elevate the vitrinite reflectance values within this marl unit, yet it must have dissipated before the thermal perturbation would have altered the organic matter below and above the unit. In this study, we propose that the vitrinite reflectance anomalies were caused by a transient thermal inversion induced by episodic, lateral flow of hot (130–160°C) groundwater along conductive fractures and bedding planes. Heat flow constraints suggest that fluids must have moved rapidly up a vertical feeder fault from a depth of at least 3.6 km before migrating laterally. To test this hypothesis, we present a suite of simple, idealized mathematical models of groundwater flow, heat transfer, thermal degradation of kerogen and vitrinite systematics to explore the episodic flow that could have produced the observed thermal anomaly. In these simulations, a single, horizontal aquifer is sandwiched between two less permeable units: the total dimensions of the vertical section model are 4 km thick by 10 km long. The top of the aquifer coincides with the position of the observed thermal maturity anomaly in the Rhinegraben. Boundary conditions along the left edge of this aquifer were varied through time to allow for the migration of hot fluids out into the basin. Inflow temperature, horizontal velocity, duration and frequency of flow and thickness of the aquifer were varied. We found that a thermal maturity anomaly could only be produced by a rather restrictive set of hydrothermal conditions. It was possible to produce the observed vitrinite reflectance anomaly by a single hydrothermal flow event of 130°C fluid migrating laterally into the aquifer at a rate of 1 m a^?1 for about 10 000 years. The anomaly is spatially confined to near the left edge of the basin, near the feeder fault. If the flow event lasted longer than 100 000 years, then the maturation anomaly disappeared as the lower confining unit approached steady‐state thermal conditions. It is possible that such an event occurred about 5 million years ago in response to increases in fault permeability associated with far field Alpine tectonism.     

Can argillaceous formations isolate nuclear waste? Insights from isotopic,noble gas,and geochemical profiles

There is considerable interest in the use of thick argillaceous geologic formations to contain nuclear waste. Here, we show that diffusion can be the controlling transport process in these formations and diffusional time scales for δ¹⁸O and δ²H in water, dissolved He, and Cl transport in shale‐dominated aquitards are typically over 10⁶ years, well exceeding the regulatory requirements for isolation in most countries. Our scientific understanding of diffusive solute transport processes through argillaceous formations would benefit from the application of additional isotopic tracers (e.g., using new ⁴He sampling technology), multidimensional diffusive‐dispersive modeling of groundwater flow and diffusive‐dispersive solute transport over long geologic time scales, and an improved understanding of spatial heterogeneity as well as time‐dependent changes in the subsurface conditions and properties of argillaceous formations in response to events such as glaciation. Based on our current isotopic and geochemical understanding of transport, we argue that argillaceous formations can provide favorable long‐term conditions for isolating nuclear wastes.