THE MAGDALENIAN SANCTUARY OF THE CAVE OF LABASTIDE (HAUTES-PYRÉNÉES, FRANCE)

Summary. The parietal art in the cave of Labastide was discovered in 1932 by Norbert Casteret, the spelaeologist, but another 50 years were to pass before an exhaustive inventory was made of these figures, followed by their publication. The study of the parietal art has revealed a sanctuary with a predetermined layout in which the main panels were specially devoted to large figures representing a central Bison-Horse theme. The cave is also of interest because of the discovery of traces of 'Magdalenian IV' occupation (14,260 b.p.): about twenty small, engraved stone slabs display stylistic analogies with the parietal art, and are the best means of dating it.     

The making of an 'arcane' infrastructure: immigrant practitioners and the origins of professional engineering regulation in Ontario

Many immigrant professionals have difficulty securing the appropriate licenses required to practice their professions in Canada. Complex licensing procedures managed by professional regulatory institutions compose what a former federal immigration minister called an 'arcane infrastructure'. This article draws on a discourse analysis of historical professional periodicals to investigate the origins of these institutions, using the regulated engineering profession in Ontario as a case study. Within a conceptual framework based on institutional cultural capital, cultural regulation of labour and habitat, the article analyzes the justifications employed by Canadian engineering societies to establish institutional qualification standards. We conclude that these standards represented a strategic effort on the part of engineering society members to protect their professional, social and economic interests by excluding non-members and foreign engineers. Passage of engineering licensing legislation in Canada in the 1920s and 1930s institutionalized these processes of exclusion and established the professional regulatory framework that is still in place today.     

TORONTO-OTTAWA-MONTREAL: CONCENTRATIONS MAJEURES CANADIENNES DE L'INNOVATION PAR LA RECHERCHE-DEVELOPPEMENT1

Toronto, Montreal, and Ottawa appear as the top three Canadian scientific and technological centres. R&D divisions of private or public industrial corporations, governmental laboratories, universities, and higher education institutions play a great part in the formation and development of these technology-oriented complexes. Key technology industries are strongly operative; however, traditional industrial sectors (e.g., wood, pulp and paper, energy, food products) are also innovative, particularly in Montreal and Toronto. In every centre, the innovation process presents some distinctive characteristics. What with the laboratories of federal ministries and agencies, and the R&D plants of technologically advancedlarge corporations, Ottawa distinguishes itself by telecommunications, electronics instruments, and defence systems. Aeronautic and spatial industries form the largest scope of innovation processes in Montreal, although R&D in energy, pulp and paper, and transportation equipments are also important activities. In Toronto, the higher-level innovation functions are concentrated in several industrial sectors: electronics (more particularly computer and software development), aeronautic, chemical and pharmaceutical goods, energy, food products and automobile parts. Input-output linkages are limited between these three technology-oriented complexes. Only a few Canadian industrial corporations have separate R&D plants located in two cities, and more rarely, three. Federal laboratories are especially concentrated in Ottawa, and provincial R&D centres in Toronto and Montreal. On the contrary, more important linkages exist between each complex and its foreign counterparts, or within each complex, thanks to large, highly skilled labour markers, and spin-off and subcontracting activities. Toronto, Montréal et Ottawa représentent les trois pôles majeurs de ?on; innovation scientifique et technologique au Canada. Grâce a de nombreuses unités de R&D industrielle, aux laboratoirés des gouvernements feadéral et provinciaux, aux universityés'y sont développés de grands complexes dans lesquels les activités de haute technologie jouent un rôle moteur. Mais ne doit pas être négligée, du moins à Toronto et Montréal, la production ?on; innovations dans des secteurs traditionnels (bois, pâte et papier, énergie, agro-alimentaire). Chaque pôle ?on;innovation a sa propre histoire, ses structures particulieres. Ottawa se caracterise par le poids des laboratoires du gouvernement fédéral et ceux des centres de R&D de grandes compagnies travaillant plutôt dans les domaines des télécommunications, des instruments élctroniques et des systèmes de défense. À Montréal, domine le secteur aéronautique et spatial, mais les unités de R&D dans les domaines de ?on; énergie, des pâtes et papiers, du matériel de transport, notamment, occupent une place importante également. Cette variété se retrouve à Toronto o ?on; innovation se développe dans les industries electroniques (en particulier en in formatique), aéronautiques, chimiques et pharmaceutiques, les branches de ?on; énergie, de ?on; alimentaire ou de ?on; automobile. Entre ces grands complexes, les rapports apparaissent limités. Rares sont les entreprises ayant des centres distincts de R&D localisés dans chaque pôle. Les laboratoires du gouvernement féderal se situent essentiellement à Ottawa, et ceux des gouvernements provinciaux à Toronto et Montreal. Par contre, ? importantes interdépendances se manifestent entre chaque pôle et ?on; échelle internationale, et à?on; intérieur de chacun grâce à des marchés de ?on; emploi qualifyé importants, à?on; essaimage et à la sous-traitance. Toronto-Ottawa-Montreal: L'innovation par la recherche-developpement 257