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The archaeological bitumens of Bahrain from the Early Dilmun period (c.2200 BC) to the sixteenth century AD: a problem of sources and trade 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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ANBARASU THANGAVELU BRUNO DAVID BRYCE BARKER JEAN‐MICHEL GENESTE JEAN‐JACQUES DELANNOY LARA LAMB NICK ARAHO ROBERT SKELLY 《Archaeology in Oceania》2011,46(2):67-75
ABSTRACT Archaeological investigations of human predation pressures on shellfish usually rely on measurements of complete shell specimens. However, most archaeological shell assemblages consist predominantly of broken shells, limiting measurable sample sizes, and thus potentially biasing results in cases where shell fragmentation is biased towards particular size classes (due to shell size‐fragility correspondences). This paper presents a recent application of morphometric analyses on the Batissa violacea assemblage from Emo, an early ceramic site from the Gulf Province, Papua New Guinea. Our method enabled most shell valves, fragmented or not, to be accurately and comparably measured for size. The results reveal a close match between the commencement of occupation and maximum shell sizes in a sequence of occupational phases, each separated by many decades to hundreds of years of site abandonment. While each occupational phase begins with peak mean shell sizes, the later peaks never again attain the mean shell size of the initial phase. As each phase progresses, shell sizes diminish until abandonment, and then the same pattern starts again with the next phase. Identical trends were obtained from two separate excavation squares. We interpret these results to indicate that while people may have abandoned the site of Emo between the occupational phases, they did not abandon the region, continuing to exploit local shellfish beds, albeit less frequently than during the site's occupation. These results highlight the ability of local (site‐specific) archaeological shell data to shed light on regional demographic and occupational trends. 相似文献
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JACQUES OMNÈS 《Oxford Journal of Archaeology》1983,2(3):253-263
Summary. The parietal art in the cave of Labastide was discovered in 1932 by Norbert Casteret, the spelaeologist, but another 50 years were to pass before an exhaustive inventory was made of these figures, followed by their publication. The study of the parietal art has revealed a sanctuary with a predetermined layout in which the main panels were specially devoted to large figures representing a central Bison-Horse theme. The cave is also of interest because of the discovery of traces of 'Magdalenian IV' occupation (14,260 b.p.): about twenty small, engraved stone slabs display stylistic analogies with the parietal art, and are the best means of dating it. 相似文献
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JACQUES CHARLIER 《Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie = Journal of economic and social geography = Revue de géographie économique et humaine = Zeitschrift für ?konomische und soziale Geographie = Revista de geografía económica y social》1996,87(4):310-321
The Benelux seaport system is among the most diversified in the world. It includes a series of specialized, niche ports, and two mainports in the full meaning of the word, Rotterdam and Antwerp. In their shadow, a second-order hub port, Zeebrugge, is gaining increasing recognition in port and shipowners' circles. The future of the ports is partly in then-own bands, and partly beyond their control, as their prosperity is also conditioned by their hinterland relationships. The most original part of the article deals with a coherent structuring of their West-East and North-South intermodal links in a Benelux and European perspective, rather than taking into account sub-optimal national interests. The case for a new, high-capacity Rotterdam-Antwerp-Lille railway line, with a Zeebrugge-Ghent branch is explored. 相似文献
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ERWIN VAN DER KRABBEN JACQUES VAN DINTEREN 《Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie = Journal of economic and social geography = Revue de géographie économique et humaine = Zeitschrift für ?konomische und soziale Geographie = Revista de geografía económica y social》2010,101(1):91-99
The Dutch market for industrial estates is dominated by municipalities who have always felt responsible for supplying sufficient industrial sites at all times. As a result, a number of undesired market outcomes have occurred in this market, including oversupply of land and a high rate of deteriorating industrial estates. Policy interventions have been announced that must improve market outcomes. This paper analyses those undesired market outcomes and compares them with development processes in other European countries. We will argue that the effectiveness of the present set of interventions – all meant to adjust the present institutional order – can be improved, when they are accompanied by interventions meant to restructure this institutional order. The latter set of interventions, based on recent Coasian planning literature, includes the pricing of externalities, reduction of the rights of municipalities to develop industrial estates and a change of the conditions in industrial properties tenancy contracts. 相似文献
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Many immigrant professionals have difficulty securing the appropriate licenses required to practice their professions in Canada. Complex licensing procedures managed by professional regulatory institutions compose what a former federal immigration minister called an 'arcane infrastructure'. This article draws on a discourse analysis of historical professional periodicals to investigate the origins of these institutions, using the regulated engineering profession in Ontario as a case study. Within a conceptual framework based on institutional cultural capital, cultural regulation of labour and habitat, the article analyzes the justifications employed by Canadian engineering societies to establish institutional qualification standards. We conclude that these standards represented a strategic effort on the part of engineering society members to protect their professional, social and economic interests by excluding non-members and foreign engineers. Passage of engineering licensing legislation in Canada in the 1920s and 1930s institutionalized these processes of exclusion and established the professional regulatory framework that is still in place today. 相似文献
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JACQUES VAN DINTEREN JOËL BONAMY CATHARINE SAUVLAT PETER WOOD 《Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie = Journal of economic and social geography = Revue de géographie économique et humaine = Zeitschrift für ?konomische und soziale Geographie = Revista de geografía económica y social》1994,85(4):291-293
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JACQUES CHEVALIER 《The Canadian geographer》1993,37(3):242-257
Toronto, Montreal, and Ottawa appear as the top three Canadian scientific and technological centres. R&D divisions of private or public industrial corporations, governmental laboratories, universities, and higher education institutions play a great part in the formation and development of these technology-oriented complexes. Key technology industries are strongly operative; however, traditional industrial sectors (e.g., wood, pulp and paper, energy, food products) are also innovative, particularly in Montreal and Toronto. In every centre, the innovation process presents some distinctive characteristics. What with the laboratories of federal ministries and agencies, and the R&D plants of technologically advancedlarge corporations, Ottawa distinguishes itself by telecommunications, electronics instruments, and defence systems. Aeronautic and spatial industries form the largest scope of innovation processes in Montreal, although R&D in energy, pulp and paper, and transportation equipments are also important activities. In Toronto, the higher-level innovation functions are concentrated in several industrial sectors: electronics (more particularly computer and software development), aeronautic, chemical and pharmaceutical goods, energy, food products and automobile parts. Input-output linkages are limited between these three technology-oriented complexes. Only a few Canadian industrial corporations have separate R&D plants located in two cities, and more rarely, three. Federal laboratories are especially concentrated in Ottawa, and provincial R&D centres in Toronto and Montreal. On the contrary, more important linkages exist between each complex and its foreign counterparts, or within each complex, thanks to large, highly skilled labour markers, and spin-off and subcontracting activities. Toronto, Montréal et Ottawa représentent les trois pôles majeurs de ?on; innovation scientifique et technologique au Canada. Grâce a de nombreuses unités de R&D industrielle, aux laboratoirés des gouvernements feadéral et provinciaux, aux universityés'y sont développés de grands complexes dans lesquels les activités de haute technologie jouent un rôle moteur. Mais ne doit pas être négligée, du moins à Toronto et Montréal, la production ?on; innovations dans des secteurs traditionnels (bois, pâte et papier, énergie, agro-alimentaire). Chaque pôle ?on;innovation a sa propre histoire, ses structures particulieres. Ottawa se caracterise par le poids des laboratoires du gouvernement fédéral et ceux des centres de R&D de grandes compagnies travaillant plutôt dans les domaines des télécommunications, des instruments élctroniques et des systèmes de défense. À Montréal, domine le secteur aéronautique et spatial, mais les unités de R&D dans les domaines de ?on; énergie, des pâtes et papiers, du matériel de transport, notamment, occupent une place importante également. Cette variété se retrouve à Toronto o ?on; innovation se développe dans les industries electroniques (en particulier en in formatique), aéronautiques, chimiques et pharmaceutiques, les branches de ?on; énergie, de ?on; alimentaire ou de ?on; automobile. Entre ces grands complexes, les rapports apparaissent limités. Rares sont les entreprises ayant des centres distincts de R&D localisés dans chaque pôle. Les laboratoires du gouvernement féderal se situent essentiellement à Ottawa, et ceux des gouvernements provinciaux à Toronto et Montreal. Par contre, ? importantes interdépendances se manifestent entre chaque pôle et ?on; échelle internationale, et à?on; intérieur de chacun grâce à des marchés de ?on; emploi qualifyé importants, à?on; essaimage et à la sous-traitance. Toronto-Ottawa-Montreal: L'innovation par la recherche-developpement 257 相似文献