“中国之治”的制度优势

党的十九届四中全会站在党和国家事业全局和战略高度,立足当前,着眼长远,专门研究审议了坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的重大问题,从坚定制度自信和推进制度创新的结合上系统回答了“坚持和巩固什么、完善和发展什么”这个重大政治问题,第一次集中概括了中国特色社会主义制度有机联系、相辅相成、汇聚整体的显著优势,系统阐述了由根本制度、基本制度、重要制度构成的层次清晰、全面系统的科学制度体系,明确提出了推进我国制度建设和国家治理的指导思想、总体要求、总体目标、战略途径和重大举措。这次全会通过的《中共中央关于坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化若干重大问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》)A,充分体现了以习近平同志为核心的党中央对中国特色社会主义建设规律认识的深化,对科学社会主义理论与实践的丰富发展,为成功实现“中国之治”提供了深厚的制度基础和有力的制度保障。     

Geochemical evidence for the manufacture,logistics and supply‐chain management of Emperor Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army,China

Non‐invasive materials characterisation of reconstructed statues of Emperor Qin Shihuang's Terracotta Army has revealed distinct micro‐geochemical patterning within the clay paste used in their manufacture. The significance of this is explored in terms of the production sequence, logistics and supply‐chain management involved in the construction of this enormous funerary assemblage. Of particular interest is a compositional distinction between figures marked with the names ‘Gong’ (宫) and ‘Xianyang’ (咸阳). These seem to represent the products of two workshops involved in the supply of ceramic objects for this ambitious, large‐scale building project undertaken by the Qin Empire during the third century bce .     

从世界历史的演进解读中共抗战史的发生——由“李顿调查团”档案文献说起

14年抗战,九一八事变是毫无疑义的起点。在这历史的起点,中共是当事各方都没有忽视的重要存在。实际上,当时日本利用一切机会强调中国共产党这一因素在东北问题复杂性中的地位。当国际联盟(League of Nations)派员到东北实地考察时,日方以当地“土匪”有受共产党“策动之虞”,配置装甲车,作为国联专列的“先导”,①以作微妙的提醒。     

甘肃酒泉、嘉峪关壁画墓霉菌分离鉴定与防治研究

通过对墓葬壁画霉菌分离鉴定,筛选出合适的防霉材料,对壁画进行防霉处理是解决未搬迁尚很潮湿壁画墓科学保存问题的一个重要方面。     

The Archaeometry and Archaeology of Ancient Chinese Glass: a Review

This paper provides a new review of archaeometric research carried out on glass found in China, set in an archaeological context, from its earliest occurrence to the Song dynasty. It is set within a broad geographical context taking the terrestrial and maritime Silk Road contacts into account. We discuss chemical and isotopic compositional contrasts in glasses from different periods found in different parts of China, the glasses that were almost certainly made in China and those that were imported. A theme that runs through the paper is the problem of provenancing glass found in China, along with a lack of evidence for primary glass‐making sites and minimal evidence for secondary glass production. We discuss the glass artefacts that are of typical Chinese types and contrast these with imports; the structure reflects this contrast. We discuss potential new scientific and archaeological approaches to Chinese glass.     

Solution Strategies for Three Problems in Empirical Fragility Curve Derivation Using the Maximum Likelihood Method

Solution strategies are presented to address three potential problems in the empirical derivation of fragility functions from empirical data using the maximum likelihood method. The first strategy addresses the case of fragility curves that cross, the second strategy incorporates demand uncertainty in fragility derivation from post-earthquake reconnaissance data, and the third strategy provides a framework for the resolution of conflict between empirical data and expert opinions. The advantages and disadvantages of the proposed solution strategies are discussed and their use is demonstrated by way of suitable illustrative examples.     

国外进口瓷器修复专用材料的应用研究

国内外瓷器修复的基本流程没有很大差异,但是西方国家生产的修复专用材料品种较丰富,值得国内修复界吸收与应用。为此,本研究着重对Hxtal NYL-1、Golden Porcelain Restoration Glaze、Golden Polymer Varnish with UVLS三款瓷器修复专用产品开展分析研究。测试结果显示,在国内外5类环氧树脂中,Hxtal NYL-1的拉伸强度最低,断裂伸长率最高。Hxtal NYL-1在波长365nm的紫外线照射78d后,其色差变化最平稳。紫外可见光谱数据显示Golden Glaze仅吸收一定的中波紫外线UVB,Golden Varnish对长波紫外线UVA和中波紫外线UVB都具有吸收能力。波长365nm紫外老化实验可证明Golden Glaze和Golden Varnish都具备较好的光稳定性。而在254nm紫外老化环境下,Golden Varnish表现出更佳的抗紫外性能。此外,围绕瓷器修复实例,对这些产品的在修复中的使用方法进行了简要梳理。     

Who ate the birds: the taphonomy of Sarakenos Cave,Greece

The taphonomic analysis of avian remains from Sarakenos Cave reveals that, contrary to previous suggestions, many bird bones excavated there represent food remains of the Eagle Owls rather than humans. The conclusion is based on the presence of traces of digestion, beak and claw punctures, and indirect evidence that includes relative preservation of particular elements, species composition, the lack of cut marks, and the absence of numerous traces of burning. Specimens with medullary bone and traces of digestion indicate that the owls killed breeding females in spring. Since it is unlikely that owls shared the cave with humans at the same time, it supports the notion based on archeological evidence that human groups did not inhabit it permanently.     

1866年《南部宅地法》土地分配方案及其失败原因

1866年《南部宅地法》为了解决美国黑人自由民的土地问题制定了相对有利的宅地申请条件。然而由于缺乏申请宅地以及从事农业生产的初始资本和其他借贷来源,美国联邦政府也没有在借贷方面为宅地申请者提供相应的扶持,绝大多数黑人自由民并没有利用《南部宅地法》提供的有利条件转变为独立的小农场主。这是1866年《南部宅地法》失败的深层次原因。     

Chemical and Microscopic Study of Masonry Mortar in Ancient Pagodas in East China

Ancient mortars played a crucial role in the construction of historical architectures due to their physical and chemical compatibility with traditional building materials such as stones and bricks. Therefore, the analysis and optimization of the ancient mortar formula are significant in the restoration and preservation of historical sites. In this work, 20 mortar samples selected from five ancient stone pagodas in Zhejiang Province, China, were analyzed. The results showed that mud, lime-soil mortar, lime-sand mortar, and lime-gypsum mortar were used as binders in these pagodas. The Ca(OH)₂/aggregate ratio ranging from 0.3 to 2.7 was usually used to prepare lime mortar. Protein and polysaccharide were also found in some samples.