Residents' attitudes toward ethnic neighborhood tourism (ENT): perspectives of ethnicity and empowerment

ABSTRACT

Ethnic neighborhood tourism (ENT) has the potential to not only alter the identity of the ethnic landscape but to also influence the distribution of power and economic benefits from tourism between ethnic groups. Such unequal distribution may foster divergent attitudes toward tourism between minority residents whose culture is at the center of ENT and those of the majority population whose cultural heritage is being overshadowed. With this in mind, this study compared the relationship between Japanese and Brazilian residents’ perceived empowerment from tourism and their attitudes toward tourism development in the ENT destination of Oizumi, Japan. Results revealed that even though the Brazilians perceived themselves to be more psychologically and socially empowered from ENT, the perceptions of empowerment among the Japanese were slightly better predictors of support for tourism and Japanese residents’ perceptions of tourism's contributions within the community. The findings suggest the importance of sociocultural determinants of resident attitudes especially among those who do not perceive economic benefits from tourism. The study also indicates the appropriateness of combining social exchange theory with more holistic theories to capture the complexities influencing resident attitudes toward tourism.     

Landscape Expression of the Evolution of Buddhism in Japan

The proposition that religious landscape is an expression of the ideology and world-view of its makers is tested through the identification of historical shifts in the ideology and world-view of Japanese Buddhism and concomitant shifts in the spatial order of Buddhist precincts. Focusing on temples in the Kyoto-Nara region, ideological changes expressed in the site characteristics, orientation, structures and their spatial arrangements, and use of land in gardens are documented.
La proposition qui dCclare que le paysage religieux exprime l'idkologie et le point de vue mondial de ses createurs se met a l'epreuve par I'identification des changements histonques dans l'idkologie bouddhiste aussi que dans les variations spatiales des enceintes bouddhistes. L'Ctude, en examinant les temples de la region Kyoto-Nara, documente les changements idkologiques manifestes par les caracteristiques de l'emplacement, l'orientation des edifices et I'usage de la terre aux jardins.     

戦後日本における中国観の諸側面

私の專門は、魯迅を中心とする中国現代文学であり、学者·研究者として日本を研究しているわけではない.したがつて学問的成果を交流し、相互に研鑽する、このような場で報告する資格があるかどうかについては、顧みて忸怩たるものを感じるが、1948年に初めて中国語を学び、中華人民共和国建国以来現在まで、同時代人として中国を見続け、当然その一方で日本人の中国観の変動を常に意識してきたことは事実である.     

GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM OF SPATIAL PRODUCT AND LABOR MARKETS*

ABSTRACT A simple general equilibrium model relates spatial product markets and spatial labor markets. The firm is treated as being a spatial monopolist or as a Löschian competitor in the output market and as a spatial monopsonist in the labor market. Derived free spatial demand and free regional labor supply are defined, and their properties examined. The model provides the framework for analyzing the impact of a technological improvement in labor productivity on the structure of the spatial markets. The impact of entry on spatial labor supply is an important determinant of whether or not entry lowers wages and raises output prices. Unlike the spaceless competitive paradigm, zero-profit long-run equilibrium can occur in a space economy under conditions of increasing returns to scale.     

LÖSCHIAN COMPETITION VERSUS SPATIAL COLLUSION: PRICE AND WELFARE COMPARISONS*

ABSTRACT. Löschian duopoly under heterogeneous cost conditions is examined to show that it is not equivalent, contra past findings, to spatial collusion. Moreover, within the confines of the assumed demand and cost conditions spatial collusion is shown to be superior to Loschian competition in terms of both (aggregate) consumer surplus and producer surplus, which implies a possible welfare gain from collusion. A general, if not the general, prices-and-welfare comparison of alternative pricing schema including collusive, Löschian, and optimal pricing is summarily presented in a table.     

POPULATION'S URBAN ENVIRONMENT EVALUATION MODEL AND ITS APPLICATION*

We propose the Population's Urban Environment Evaluation Model that quantitatively presents inhabitants’ evaluations of urban environments. Our target is to establish firmly a method to effectively reflect the inhabitants’ consciousness in a regional planning process. The approach taken follows a group decision-making theory and a multi-attribute utility theory: a kind of social welfare function (of additive form) is identified by using questionnaire data. The results of application of our model to Kitakyushu show that it presents several useful insights for regional planning.     

Probing A Traffic Congestion Controversy: Density and Flow Scrutinized

Probing a die-hard traffic congestion controversy, this paper scrutinizes two key variables, density and flow, under equilibrium versus optimal states. Optimization requires equilibrium flow to decrease under mild congestion, but increase under hyper-congestion. However, both increasing flow needed under hypercongestion and decreasing flow needed under mild congestion should be accompanied by decreasing density. Thus, inflow of vehicles should always be discouraged to either increase or decrease flow of vehicles for economic efficiency. Moreover, even when optimal policy requires equilibrium flow to increase, the optimal flow itself must decrease eventually as demand increases beyond a critical level.     

九、十世纪的通俗讲经和敦煌

由敦煌文献的统计来看,有关讲唱文艺的作品的数量,在九、十世纪的写本中突然明显地增加了,比如,故事略要本、讲唱体写本大概都集中在10世纪的文书里.在此笔者将探讨发生这种情况的理由.笔者认为,讲唱文艺的发展与唐代佛教的演变有一定关系,唐代的通俗讲经等讲唱,可能是在安史之乱后开始的佛教通俗化的过程中产生的.敦煌以外的文献记载里能够看到的通俗讲经的记载都集中在九世纪中期.这样一来,敦煌与中原的佛教界似有几十年的时差.这点与敦煌地区的政治历史背景有一定关系,因为敦煌与中原之间有两次(787-848年、905-914年)交流中断的时代.笔者在本文里,把这些敦煌的历史、地区的佛教特征以及民间佛教活动结合起来考虑,来探讨故事略要本、讲唱体等文献的产生问题.     

敦煌本"庄严文"初探——唐代佛教仪式上的表白对敦煌变文的影响

前言 在研究界里,法会仪式和讲唱文学之间的关系很早就引起了前辈学者们的注意,在敦煌文献被发现不久就开始研究了.最早入手的是罗振玉氏,罗氏在<敦煌零拾>(1924)一书里,用"佛由"的名称来介绍了他所藏的三种讲唱文学作品,即现在所谓的<维摩经讲经文>、<降魔变文>、<欢喜国王缘>,然后其跋文里把这些作品视为宋代说话四家之中佛经演说的"讲经"源流;其次有向达的<唐代俗讲考> ①,这篇论文里,向氏第一次谈到了"俗讲"一词,并论及敦煌变文与俗讲仪式的关系,还提及了押座文在仪式上的功能及其与变文之间的关系.另外,孙楷第<唐代俗讲经轨范与其本之体裁> ②,泽田瑞穗<支那唱导文学的生成> ③等论文里更加深入探讨了仪式在俗文学演变史之中的地位.     

GEOGRAPHIC EXPRESSION OF BUDDHIST PILGRIM PLACES ON SHIKOKU ISLAND,JAPAN*

A variety of places, functioning diversely in human existence, manifest a certain distinctiveness. The distinctiveness is nowhere as explicit and as clearly expressed, perhaps, as it is in “religious places.’ Of these places, holy places of pilgrimage have been of particular attraction to geographers.¹ There is wide variation in the nature of pilgrimage as defined within the canonical structure of each religion; yet it would seem that all pilgrimages are fundamentally place-bound institutions having specific physical locations. A pilgrimage incorporates certain practices, and requires a specific setting, thus giving rise to distinct geographic and behavioural forms.