Drivers and difficulties in the economic relationship between Australia and the European Union: from conflict to cooperation

ABSTRACT

Economic relations between Australia and the European Union (EU) have always been strong, but they have not always been easy. They have been difficult for Australia because it associated the EU with the loss of the UK preferential export market on its entry into the then European Economic Community. And because Australia associated the EU with the original Common Agricultural Policy, which combined subsidies for agricultural production and high agricultural tariffs to make Australian agricultural exports not competitive. They have been difficult for the EU also. Australia developed a biosecurity system to protect its agricultural sector: quarantine requirements and food safety standards made the importation of EU plant and animal products too costly. Yet Australia and the EU need each other. The EU, which is Australia’s largest services trade and investment partner, supplies the business services that drive a knowledge economy and provides the credit to finance economic development. Correspondingly, the EU needs Australia both as a commercial base in Asia and as a reliable energy supplier. This article analyses the drivers and difficulties in the economic relationship between Australia and the EU as they start negotiations for a free trade agreement.     

Charting the Development of Portsmouth Harbour, Dockyard and Town in the Tudor Period

Portsmouth was crucial to the defence of Tudor England and consequently it was mapped for military planning purposes throughout the Tudor period from 1545. The resulting sequence of maps records much of the town and harbour. The maps offer opportunities for furthering our understanding of Tudor Portsmouth and its population Additionally, images of the urban landscape provided by the “Cowdray Engraving”, which depicts the loss of Henry VIII’s warship Mary Rose on the 19th July 1545, may also be considered and compared with those presented in the early maps of the town. This paper considers the Portsmouth maps of 1545, 1552, 1584 and the chart of Portsmouth Harbour dating from between 1586 and 1620. These are examined in relation to one another and compared with evidence from the Cowdray Engraving.     

Soundscapes of the Everyday in Ancient Oaxaca, Mexico

In ancient Mexico, sensory engagement in the form of oratory, music, and performance were major components of state-sponsored festivals and noble feasts. We think far less, however, about the soundscapes associated with rituals and everyday life in household contexts. Drawing on contextual, iconographic, and acoustic analyses of flutes, whistles, bells, costume ornaments, and ceramic vessels with rattle supports from the site of Río Viejo in coastal Oaxaca, Mexico, we argue that sound-production created a shared spatial landscape that linked community members to one another. Even in the absence of visibility or participation, soundscapes were prominent, celebrated elements of everyday life that purposely blurred the boundaries between the natural, cultural, and spirit worlds.     

Spatial Organization and Socio-Economic Differentiation at the Dhar Tichitt Center of Dakhlet el Atrouss I (Southeastern Mauritania)

African Archaeological Review - The emergence of socio-political differentiation is a core theme in world prehistory, and the West African archaeological record offers unique insights into the...     

Crime urban legends in Mexico: a case study of authorless narratives that contribute to implicit cultural policy

In recent years, the boundaries of what is understood as cultural policy have been appraised and pushed. Ahearne proposed to study implicit cultural policy, which is not overt about its cultural objectives but has an impact upon culture, understood in a broader sense regarding systems of values and attitudes. Similarly, Bennett has advocated studying implicit cultural policy beyond governments, as in the case of the Catholic Church. How far can this broadening go? This paper will consider a transcultural and anonymous form of contemporary folklore, the crime urban legend, as the case study of authorless narratives that participate, among other factors, in the implicit cultural policy behind neopunitivism upon the consequences of its digital transit, which contributes to modifying different beliefs, attitudes and values on a given territory.     

A simple methodology for recording petroglyphs using low-cost digital image correlation photogrammetry and consumer-grade digital cameras

In the present study a simple method is described for obtaining 3D digital models of petroglyphs of different sizes and characteristics and its usefulness, in the study of this cultural heritage, is evaluated. For this research we used low-cost photogrammetric software and consumer-grade digital cameras, without any other surveying techniques. In order to test this methodology, three field research studies were carried out in Galicia (Spain).