LATE BRONZE AND IRON AGE LAKE SETTLEMENT IN SCOTLAND AND IRELAND: THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE 'CRANNOG' IN THE NORTH AND WEST

Summary.   This paper considers the evidence for the origins and development of the lake settlement tradition of Scotland and Ireland in the Late Bronze and Iron Ages. Considering a crannog 'event horizon' around the mid-first millennium BC, dating and structural evidence are compared and contrasted, and the evidence for non-domestic activity including ritual and votive deposition is contextualized. It is argued that the concurrent appearance of crannogs with the flourish of domestic monumentality in Scotland and Ireland can be seen as a consequence of the fusion of ritual and domestic spheres of life in the later first millennium BC, integrating the themes of architectural monumentality and the Iron Age reverence of water.     

Models of urban change: Sydney 1820–1870

Established models of urban change do not adequately allow for the complex interactions between the forces and relations of production and the effects of changes in these factors on urban settlements. A proposed, extended model includes a transition stage which can best be described as the mercantile or early capitalist city which hadnot yet adopted the modern technology developed in the Industrial Revolution. Sydney and its growth and development between 1820 and 1870, a crucial period, is viewed against this suggested framework. During this period, Sydney was clearly going through such a transitional phase.     

Geneva's future: reflections on the role of a values‐based city

In a world where most of the great cities are heavily branding themselves to compete for lucrativebusiness, political and sporting events, what future role is there for an international values‐based city like Geneva? This article reflects on the history of ideas that have taken root in Geneva over the centuries and suggests how they might be actively re‐positioned to give the city continuing relevance in the coming century. It looks at eleven political and practical ideas that have hadimportant manifestations in Geneva and have been embodied in some of its international organizations, notably: freedom of movement; free thinking; political self‐determination; compassionate warfare; peace and trade among others. It then argues that, in order to survive as a leading international city, Geneva must develop real expertise on these big‐hitting political issues, improve its ability to deliver on them and create a dynamic alliance of other internationalist valuesbased cities around the world which can mobilize similar concerns and embody a similarly Genevan model of international space.     

A FINE BALANCE? GEOGRAPHY AT THE MILLENNIUM

Recognizing that post-modernism (broadly defined) has had a significant impact upon contemporary geographical practice, this essay considers the claims of its proponents and seeks to weigh the implications of the postmodernist impulse for the subject as a whole. On balance, recent engagements with the ideas of a broad spectrum of important philosophers and critical theorists are seen to have broadened, enlivened, and in some respects enhanced human geography. The impress upon physical geography has been much less consequential. Yet many post-modernist claims must be met with circumspection. Embraced tout ensemble, they would seem to blinker understanding, limit practical engagement with the world, and imperil the foundations upon which important geographical work has been (and should continue to be) built. In human as well as physical geography, different scales of inquiry favour (even require) different modes of analysis, and a respectful understanding of different scholarly aims and means is essential if Geography is to remain robust well into the new millen nium. Étant donné que le postmodernisme (au sens large) a beaucoup influé sur les pratiques de la géographie contemporaine, cet essai étudie les affirmations de ses partisans et cherche àévaluer les implications du post-modernisme pour la discipline dans sa totalité. En fin de compte, l'utilisation des idées de toute une gamme de philosophes importants et de théoriciens du post-modernisme peut être perçue comme ayant élargi et à certains égards amélioré la géographie humaine. L'impact du postmodernisme sur la géographie physique a été beaucoup moins important. Et pourtant, on doit envisager avec beaucoup de prudence les prétentions des partisans du postmodernisme. Si l'on accepte toutes ces théories dans leur ensemble, on risque de mettre en cause notre compréhension du monde et de nuire aux fondements mêmes sur lesquels la recherche en géographie a été (et continuera àêtre) construite. En géographie humaine aussi bien qu'en géographie physique, l'échelle des recherches entreprises implique (et même nécessite) l'utilisation de différentes méthodes d'analyse. Une compréhension respectueuse des différents objectifs et méthodes des chercheurs en géographie est essentielle, si nous voulons que la géographie en tant que discipline maintienne sa vigueur au-delà du seuil du nouveau millénaire.     

Rural communities and small area forecasting: some examples from South Australia

This paper demonstrates and evaluates two different but complementary methodologies of small area forecasting in a rural area some 80 km north of Adelaide. The first approach forecasts overall population trends using a sector-by-sector appraisal of the growth/decline prospects of each economic sector based on detailed field surveys carried out in 1968 and 1970. The second approach was to use the readily available 1971 census and corresponding vital statistics data to project the population of the study area using a simple cohort-component projection methodology. Both approaches made forecasts of expected population levels by 1980, and in that year the authors conducted a resurvey of the same study area. The article demonstrates the need for, and results of, regular updating of the assumptions on which population forecasts are made, for the period 1968–1980 includedan unexpected revival of the farm economy as well as the onset of the international urban-rural migration flow of the ‘population turnaround’. Neither of these trends had been foreseen in the initial forecasts; their effects are shown in the results of the 1980 resurvey, and the utility of the forecasting methodologies is discussed in the light of these findings.     

A REGION OF SCATTERED SETTLEMENTS AND BOUNDED POSSIBILITIES: NORTHEASTERN AMERICA 1775–1800

The human geography of the Canadian Maritime provinces was transformed in the late eighteenth century; before 1775, the transformation proceeded largely under the sway of New England; after 1783 it was overwhelmingly the product of Loyalist settlement; by 1800 the region had 8 or 9 times its population of 1756, four colonial jurisdictions had been carved from the original Nova Scotia, and its landscape, economy, and society revealed patterns that would persist into the twentieth century. Following a companion article on the geography of pre-Revolutionary Nova Scotia (The Canadian Geographer 31:2), this essay considers the migration of Loyalists and others into the region, traces the development of settlements, and charts the patterns of economic development in Nova Scotia and its neighbouring colonies during the last quarter of the eighteenth century. The geography of the region in 1800 is described, and the economic, social, and geographical changes that shaped it in the late eighteenth century are seen to reflect broader patterns of North American development. A la fin du dix-huitième siècle, la géographic humaine des provinces maritimes canadiennes fut l'objet de transformations, d'abord largement sous l'influence de la Nouvelle-Angleterre avant 1775; puis, après 1781, grace à l'établissement des Loyalistes. En 1800, la population de la region a était multipliée 8 ou 9 fois depuis 1756, l'ancienne Nouvelle-Ecosse avait été découpée en quatre territoires coloniaux et le paysage, l'économie et la société montraient les signes précurseurs de formes qui allaient persister jusqu'au vingtième siècle. Cet essai, venant à la suite d'un article parallèle sur la géographic de la Nouvelle-Ecosse pré révolutionnaire paru dans le numéro 2, Vol 31, de Le Géographe canadien, traite de l'arrivée dans la region des Loyalistes et d'autres groupes. L'auteur retrace le développement du peuplement et décrit les différents aspects de l'évolution économique de la Nouvelle-Ecosse et des colonies avoisinantes au cours du dernier quart du dix-huitième siècle. Finalement, après avoir tracé le tableau de la géographic de la région en 1800, l'auteur conclut que les changements économiques, sociaux et géographiques qui l'ont marquéà la fin du dix-huitième siècle reflètent les caractéristiques plus générales du développement de l'Amérique du Nord.     

Hydraulic Resistance by the River Red Gum,Eucalyptus camaldulensis,in Ephemeral Desert Streams

Channel roughness in desert streams is generated by the colonisation of beds and banks by trees including the river red gum, Eucalyptus carnaldulensis. Often growing densely over the bed surface, these trees contribute channel roughness which is distributed through the flow; the effects are heightened by substantial barriers of flood-transported debris which lodge against trunks and branches, offering additional obstruction to water movement. Bed scour often occurs around such obstacles. Field mapping of channels in the Barrier Range, western NSW, where E. camaldulensis growth is common, has permitted the quantification of channel roughness. Results suggest that just under half of the total channel roughness may be contributed by in-channel vegetation, the remainder coming from boundary friction effects. Site-to-site variations in vegetation density are great and assessment of flood discharges and sediment fluxes in these streams without due incorporation of a roughness correction could result in substantial errors of overprediction.