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Jeffrey P. Emanuel 《巴勒斯坦考察季》2013,145(4):265-280
Primary sources from the end of the Bronze Age have long been read as suggesting a time of chaotic transition, particularly with regard to threats from the sea that the established powers had no means of combatting. While the scale and severity of seaborne attacks seems to have increased in the late 13th century, these were not in themselves new phenomena, as a state of maritime threat seems to have been a constant for coastal polities and mariners in the Late Bronze Age eastern Mediterranean. However, a combination of internal and external factors in the late 13th and early 12th centuries combined to make these attacks more effective than they had been in the past, and polities more vulnerable to them. These included the rapid spread of improvements in maritime technology, particularly from the Aegean and the Levant, via high–intensity ‘zones of transference’, as well as an increase in the scale of ship–based combat operations, due in part to the displacement of people during the Late Bronze Age collapse. This paper addresses this in two parts, beginning with the ‘background’ evidence for a constant state of maritime threat in the centuries leading up to the end of the Bronze Age, and concluding with the ‘foreground’ evidence for zones of transference and the transmission of groundbreaking elements of naval technology in the years surrounding the Late Bronze–Early Iron Age transition. 相似文献
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Carlos Landa Julio César Spota Amelia Martínez Emanuel Montanari 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2008,12(3):263-273
This article characterizes the sense and use of the word vicios (vices) in historical documents in nineteenth-century Argentina.
The term was frequently used among soldiers, indigenous people, and criollos who occupied the border. The “vices” consisted
of a range of highly appreciated edible goods (including tobacco, yerba mate [Ilex paraguariensis], and sugar). Documentary sources do not agree what products fall under the term vicios. We propose some archaeological expectations
with regard to each of these products. 相似文献
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Emanuel Thomas Kessy 《African Archaeological Review》2013,30(3):225-252
Many scholars assume that the spread of Iron Age (IA) agropastoralism traditions to Sub-Saharan Africa was associated with the domination, assimilation, or dislocation of Later Stone Age (LSA) autochthonous populations. Archaeological data from Kondoa, central Tanzania show evidence of interaction between IA agropastoralists and LSA hunter-gatherers around 1030 years bp. Despite that, replacement of the LSA traditions seems to have taken a considerably slow pace, leading to the suggestion that autochthonous LSA groups were not displaced or assimilated by IA people but became agropastoralists through a process of acculturation. This outcome raises questions about the reliability of the assimilation or displacement models typically used by scholars to account for the fate of prehistoric LSA hunter-gatherers during contact with IA agropastoralists in Sub-Saharan Africa. 相似文献