STATE INTERVENTION IN LANDSCAPE PRODUCTION: THE WHEATLAND RIOT AND THE CALIFORNIA COMMISSION OF IMMIGRATION AND HOUSING*

The role of the state in landscape production has been little theorized in geography. In this paper, I examine the role played by state institutions in determining landscape morphology by focusing on the activities of the California Commission of Immigration and Housing as it attempted to mitigate the conditions that led to the violent Wheatland “riot” of 1913. This rebellion by radicalized migratory workers was central to the creation of the abundant agricultural landscape of California in the years before the United States entered World War I. By telling the story of Wheatland and the state responses it induced, I hope to move discussions of landscape geography beyond both traditional concerns with landscape as a reflection of “culture” and contemporary concerns with metaphors of landscape as text.     

An iconographic exploration of the “rattlesnake” gorgets of eastern Tennessee

ABSTRACT

Compared to other gorget styles and themes made during the Mississippian period, the so-called rattlesnake gorgets of eastern Tennessee have been found in fairly large numbers. Stylistically, Muller assigned these gorgets to the temporally related Lick Creek and Citico styles, while Crawford’s recent work has argued for substyles within. While their style has been studied extensively, the idea that these gorgets depict rattlesnakes generally has been accepted without further consideration. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic iconographic study of rattlesnake gorgets. Ultimately, we conclude that the image’s original referent is not just a snake but instead is intended to be a model of the cosmos at night.     

Malocclusion and methodology: The problem and relevance of recording dental malalignment in archaeology

The study of incorrectly positioned teeth has a long history, especially in relation to human groups and domestic dogs. Dental and orthodontic specialists have been particularly concerned to establish ways of recording and comparing such anomalies. However, Colyer and others have established that anomalous dental positioning occurs in a wide variety of species, and might at times even have had adaptive advantage. In the case of dogs, some modern varieties clearly have severe malocclusion problems, while others are little affected. Because it has been suggested that early domesticated dogs already display some degree of dental crowding or malpositioning, it seems important to consider the methodology for recording such anomalies. It is suggested that a quick and easy method of recording and comparing tooth positioning is by angular measurements (preferably taken on standard photographs of occlusal views). In the British archaeological dog samples selected, it was found that tooth malpositioning (and thus malocclusion of upper and lower dentitions) was only slight, compared to the overall occurrence of such anomalies in modern dogs. It is suggested that this kind of simple procedure may be of value in the investigation of secular trends in the frequency of malpositioning and malocclusion of dogs, if not other species, through time.     

Studies on Amerindian dogs, 2: Variation in early peruvian dogs

Remains of dogs have been discovered in Peru for over a hundred years, but relatively little information is available on them. Dating evidence, especially by the radiocarbon method, suggests that the skulls of dogs considered in detail here range from 1030 BC to 1324 AD, with the majority belonging to the past two millennia. Craniometric information is presented on a series of early Peruvian specimens now preserved in Lima and London, representing the majority of material as yet unpublished, and the largest sample so far studied. Additional Peruvian data were also collected from the literature, as well as comparable information on some other Amerindian dog series. It has been possible to indicate that two distinct forms are represented in the Peruvian material.     

OTTAWA'S TECHNOLOGY-ORIENTED COMPLEX

Development of Ottawa's technology-oriented complex (toc) has incorporated elements of four models of tocs. The federal government's key role has changed as the toc has passed through several phases. The latest phase has involved rapid growth in manufacturing. A 1981 survey reveals the age, ownership, and size of the high-technology firms, identifies the role of the federal presence as a factor stimulating the firms' development, shows purchase and sales patterns and federal contact linkages, and identifies executives' attitudes about the ability of other cities to satisfy their firms' locational requirements.
Le développement du Complexe à technologie de pointe d'Ottawa s'est fondé sur des éléments empruntés à quatre modèles de complexes similaires. Le rle crucial de l'Administration fédérale a changé en fonction des diverses phases du développement de ce Complexe, et la dernière s'est caractérisée par une croissance rapide du secteur de fabrication. Une enquěte effectuée en 1981 aporté sur l'envergure et l'ge des entreprises de pointe de ce Complexe et sur la nature des intérěts prépondérants dans chacune. Elle montre que l'intervention des autorités fédérates a accéléré le dáeveloppement des firmes, met en relief leurs habitudes d'achat et de vente et leurs points de couplage avec l'Administration fédérale et, enfin, décrit comment les cadres dirigeants envisagent les possibilités offertes par d'autres villes pour satisfaire aux besoins de leurs entreprises.