Ireland's two nations

A Concise History of Ireland by Máire and Conor Cruise O'Brien. London: Thames and Hudson, 1972. Pp. 192; £2.50. An Economic History of Ireland Since 1660 by L. M. Cullen. London: Batsford, 1972. Pp. 208; £2.00. The Green Flag: A History of Irish Nationalism by Robert “Kee. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1972. Pp. 877; £5.95. Englishmen and Irish Troubles: British Public Opinion and the Making of Irish Policy, 1918–1922 by D. G. Boyce. London: Cape, 1972. Pp. 253; £4.50. Towards a New Ireland by Garret Fitzgerald. London: Knight, 1972. Pp. viii+190; £2.50.     

Preliminary Report on Nestorian Remains North of Kuei-Hua,Suiyüan

I should like to offer unreserved acknowledgments to Mr. George Söderbom of Kuei-hua; without him there would have been few, if any, discoveries to write about. I also thank Miss Bettina Lum, who agreed to join our quest, for the photographs and drawings.     

Michel Foucault

Despite his repudiation of antisemitism, Renan influenced the development of antisemitic ideologies in both France and Germany. His typology of ‘Semite’ and ‘Aryan’ was adopted especially in Germany and and combined with biological concepts of race to become the foundation of the concepts of ‘Semitism’ and ‘Antisemitism’. Renan, however, always insisted on a linguistic/cultural definition of race and regarded the biological conception, while it might have had some primitive reality, as outmoded and immoral in European civilization. After 1870 the growth of German racial antisemitism led Renan to elaborate repeatedly on race as a civilisational phenomenon that in modern Europe should have lost its biological origins. His argument that modern Jews were integral members of the French ‘nation’ and ‘civilization’ was profoundly influential on the emergence of the theory of the modern ‘nation’ as the liberal state. Gobineau's theory of race also lent itself to exploitation by racial antisemites, though it was not overtly antisemitic. Unlike Renan, however, Gobineau in his later years inclined to a vague personal antisemitism. The main difference was one of temperament as well as devotion on Renan's part to a liberal idea of the nation, as opposed to Gobineau's aversion to liberalism and modern civilization.     

Late Silurian pentameride brachiopods from Yass and Molong,New South Wales

The five known species of pentameride brachiopods from the Yass Syncline Ludlow (LateSilurian) succession, belonging to the superfamilies Pentameroidea, Gypiduloidea and Clorindoidea, are fully revised; no new species are recognised. The pentameroids Conchidium sp. cf. hospes and Aliconchidium yassi are confined to the Bowspring Limestone Member (Silverdale Formation). The gypiduloid Ascanigypa glabra and externally homeomorphic clorindoids Barrandina wilkinsoni and Clorinda minor replace them in the overlying Barrandella Shale Member, the last two extending into the Yarwood Siltstone Member (Black Bog Shale). Clorinda minor is also possibly present in the Rainbow Hill Member (Rosebank Shale). All except C. minor are uncommon to rare components of the Yass brachiopod fauna. Clorinda molongensis, a species of uncertain mid- to late Silurian age from the Molong Limestone, is also revised. Aliconchidium and Barrandina are known only from Yass, whereas Clorinda is cosmopolitan. Conchidium alsois widespread, but C. hospes is a species from the Prague Basin probably also known from the Urals and the Tien Shan. Ascanigypa is another Prague Basin taxon, recently recognised in Arctic Canada.