An iconographic exploration of the “rattlesnake” gorgets of eastern Tennessee

ABSTRACT

Compared to other gorget styles and themes made during the Mississippian period, the so-called rattlesnake gorgets of eastern Tennessee have been found in fairly large numbers. Stylistically, Muller assigned these gorgets to the temporally related Lick Creek and Citico styles, while Crawford’s recent work has argued for substyles within. While their style has been studied extensively, the idea that these gorgets depict rattlesnakes generally has been accepted without further consideration. In this paper, we present the results of a systematic iconographic study of rattlesnake gorgets. Ultimately, we conclude that the image’s original referent is not just a snake but instead is intended to be a model of the cosmos at night.     

Acts of heritage,acts of value: memorialising at the Chattri Indian Memorial,UK

Abstract

The Chattri Indian Memorial is a public site that hosts and embodies heritage in complex ways. Standing on the edge of Brighton, UK in a once-remote part of the Sussex Downs, the Memorial was built in 1921 to honour Indian soldiers who fought on the Western Front during the First World War. As both a sacred place and a space of socio-cultural heritagization processes, the monument is an enduring testament of past values of war heroism, but also more ephemeral practices of ritual. The article documents the heritage-making at work within memorialisation at the Chattri as a case study, examining how differing ‘valuations’ of a memorial site can be enacted through time, between material form and immaterial practices, and across cultures. The article theorises participants’ current affective practices as conscious ‘past presencing’ , and analyses how their conscious acts of heritage-making affectively enacted values of morality, community and belonging.     

Spaces of Belonging: Home,Culture and Identity in 20th-Century French Autobiography

ALEXANDRE, P., Les Patrons de presse. Quinze ans d'histoires secrètes de la presse écrite en France (1982–1997), Anne Carrière, 1997, 297pp., 120FF., ISBN 2 84337 010 8

ATKIN, N., Pétain, Longman, 1998 238pp., £13.99, ISBN 0 582 07037 6 pbk; £39.99, ISBN 0 582 07036 8 hbk

BALL, R., The French‐speaking World, Routledge, 1997, 228pp., £10.99, ISBN 0 415 12987 7

BATCHELOR, R. E. and CHEBLI‐SAADI, M., French for Marketing: Using French in Media and Communications, CUP, 1997, 350pp., no price indicated, ISBN 0 521 58538 X

BEZBAKH, P., Histoire de la France, vol. 1, Des origines à 1914, vol. 2 De 1914 à nos jours, Larousse, 1997, 512pp. and 570pp., no price indicated, ISBNs 2 03 507141 0 and 2 03 507142 9

B?UF J.‐L., Quinze ans de décentralisation, Problèmes politiques et sociaux, 787 Documentation française, 11 juillet 1997, 45FF., ISSN 0015 9743

BRETON, A. (translated by Mary Anne Caws and Geoffrey T. Harris with notes and introduction by Mary Ann Caws), Communicating Vessels, Bison Books, 1997, 159pp., $12.00, ISBN 0 8032 6135 7

CHARAUDEAU, P., Le discours d'information médiatique. La construction du miroir social, INA‐Nathan, 1997, 286pp., 129F., ISBN 2 978209 190

COHEN, W. B. (ed.), The Transformation of Modern France. Essays in Honor of Gordon Wright, Houghton Mifflin, 1997, 242pp., £15.95 pbk

DROUIN, I. Salauds de pauvres! Programmation d'un génocide européen, Infrarouge, 1997, 253pp., 80F., ISBN 2 9086 14 20 0

FEBVRE L. (présentées et annotées par Jacqueline Pluet et Gilles Candar), Lettres à Henri Beer, Fayard, 1997, 640pp., 250F, ISBN 2 213 59566 6

FLOWER, J. E., France Today,, 8th edn Hodder &; Stoughton, 1997, 248pp., ISBN 0 340 63093 0

FOURIER, C. (edited by G. S. Jones &; I. Patterson), The Theory of Four Movements, Cambridge University Press, 1996 328pp., £14.95, ISBN 0521 35693 8

FRIOT, B. and ROSE, J., (eds), La construction sociale de l'emploi en France, L'Harmattan, Collection Forum de l'IFRAS, 1996 248pp., 130F., ISBN 2 7384 4764 3

GARAPON, A. and SALAS, D., La République pénalisée, Hachette, 1996 144pp., 59F., ISBN 2 01 235230 8

GRUBB A., The Politics of Pessimism. Albert de Broglie and Conservative Politics in the Early Third Republic, University of Delaware Press, 1996 427pp., £42.00, ISBN 0 87413575 3

JACOB G., Une histoire du cinéma moderne, Ramsay, 1997, 255pp., ISBN 2 84114 287 6

KOFMAN, M., Edgar Morin. From Big Brother to Fraternity, 140 pp., Pluto Press, 1996 £10.99, ISBN 0 7453 0852 X

MARICOURT, T., Les Nouvelles Passerelles de l'extrême‐droite, Syllepse, 1997, 199pp., 120F., ISBN 2 907993 52 6

MILZA, P., Sources de la France du XX^e siècle (de 1918 à nos jours), Larousse, 1997, 789pp., no price indicated, ISBN 2 03 741022 0

MORI, J., William Pitt and the French Revolution 1785–1795, Keele University Press, 1997, 305pp., £17.95, ISBN 1 85331 137 5

MOURIAUX, R. (ed.), L'année sociale., Editions de l'Atelier/Editions Ouvrières, 1997, 240pp., 98FF., ISBN 2 7082 3270 3

NOIN, D. and WHITE, P., Paris, John Wiley, 1997, 286pp., £45 hbk., ISBN 0 471 94944 2

NORTHCUTT, W., The Regions of France: a Reference Guide to History and Culture, Greenwood, 1996 310pp., no price indicated, ISBN 0 313 29223 X

O'BRIEN C., Women's Fictional Responses to the First World War, Peter Lang, 1997, 204pp., £28., ISBN 0 8204 3141 9

PÉAN, P. and NICK, C., TF1, un pouvoir, Fayard, 1997, 695pp., 160FF., ISBN 2 213 59819 3

RHODES, M., HEYWOOD, P., and WRIGHT V. (eds), Developments in West European Politics Macmillan, 1997, 363pp., no price indicated, ISBN 0 333 65128 6

RUFFIN, A., Normandie 1939–1944: le Temps des Épreuves, Presses de la Cité, 1997, 335pp., 130FF., ISBN 2 258 04417 0

SCHMIDT, V. A., From State to Market? The Transformation of French Business and Government, Cambridge University Press, 1996 447pp., £55.00 hbk, ISBN 0 521 49742 6

SCOTT, J., W., Only Paradoxes to Offer: French Feminists and the Rights of Man, Harvard University Press, 1996 229pp., £10.95, ISBN 0 674 63931 6

SHEPPARD, D., SPARKS, S. and THOMAS C. (eds), On Jean‐Luc Nancy. The Sense of Philosophy, Routledge, 1997, 219pp., £14.99, ISBN 0 415 14794 8

TULARD, J., Napoleon, le pouvoir, la nation, la légende, Le Livre de Poche, 1997, 153pp., 30 F., ISBN 2 2539 0534 9

WILLIAMS, J., S., The Erotics of Passage. Pleasure, Politics, and Form in the Later Work of Marguerite Duras, Liverpool University Press, 1997, 243pp., £14.95, ISBN 0 85323 501 5

WISE, H., The Vocabulary of Modern French. Origins, Structure and Function, Routledge, 1997, 256pp., £45 hbk, ISBN 0 415 11738 0; £14.99 pbk, ISBN 0 415 11739 9

WISEMAN B., and GROVES, J., Lévi‐Strauss for Beginners, Icon Books, 1997, 175pp., £8.99, ISBN 1 874166 625     

Cutmark systematics: Analyzing morphometrics and spatial patterning at Palangana

Cutmarks have played an important role in addressing whether our hominid ancestors were hunters or scavengers, describing ritual modification of human bone, defining the origin of metallurgy, and highlighting the diversity of prehistoric butchering behavior. The widespread occurrence of cutmarks on animal bones and their variability allows archaeologists to use this kind of evidence to address a broad range of questions. One goal in examining cutmark diversity is to identify diagnostic cutmarks of prehistoric butchering, processing, and consuming behaviors. Linking cutmarks to specific activities allows us to test fine-grained hypotheses concerning the nature of an archaeological site, and to do this a systematic method for addressing variability in both the appearance and anatomical position of cutmarks is essential. An analysis of caribou bones collected by Lewis Binford from the Palangana site in Alaska is used to build and test a diagnostic cutmark classification using their morphometric and spatial properties. This case study demonstrates that cutmarks can be used to simultaneously address large-scale anthropological questions and reveal intra-site behavioral variability in the archaeological record.     

Maintaining the Bar: Regulating European Barmaids in Colonial Calcutta and Rangoon

In 1902 the government of India banned the employment of European women as barmaids in Calcutta and Rangoon. This article examines this intervention, proceeding from the premise that a close look at this ban, and the women whose lives were affected by it, illuminates the entangled and at times contradictory ideas about gender, sexuality, mobility, labour and racial boundaries that characterised British imperial policy in India and Burma at the beginning of the twentieth century. This article argues that European barmaids, while seemingly marginal, in fact occupied a unique and important position within the British Empire, being at the heart of the recreational worlds of Calcutta and Rangoon. It further argues that the ban on the employment of barmaids reflects a wider official ambivalence about the new social forms emerging from the interactions of mobile subjects in these colonial port cities. Finally, it argues that Curzon’s and his colleagues’ intervention to ban the barmaids demonstrates the way that the relations of empire were negotiated through the control of mobile subjects.

The employment of barmaids was controversial in multiple sites across the British Empire in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, including in London. Yet the campaign against barmaids in London was unsuccessful, whereas the campaigns in Calcutta and Rangoon succeeded. The particular dynamics of the specific colonial context help to explain this difference: European barmaids in South and Southeast Asian colonial cities were marginal in multiple dimensions. Some of the women employed as barmaids were members of the domiciled European community, who occupied a place on the margins of both Englishness and ‘whiteness’. The barmaids’ employability in drinking establishments catering to a predominantly but not exclusively European clientele was in part a function of their European identity, yet that identity meant that their presence in the morally ambiguous space of the bar posed a threat to British prestige. To colonial officials, including Curzon, European women’s employment behind the bar was additionally problematic because these women could be employed in serving alcohol to non-European men in an inversion of the desired colonial hierarchy.