Binding or Loosing in Australasia: Some Trans‐Tasman Protestant Connections

In the context of recent moves to develop a shared history of Australia and New Zealand (Australasia), this paper identifies a religious dimension in the re‐emerging shared history that is connected with other dimensions of the relationship. Building on this recent work, it uncovers the interconnectedness of Presbyterians, Methodists, Congregationalists and Baptists on opposite sides of the Tasman and finds some strength and consistency in the connections over the last 150 years. Starting with an examination of the denominations' attempts at institutional connection and cooperation, the paper moves onto an analysis of the exchange of personnel and ideas between them. It will also argue that these “religious” links strongly imply the existence of substantial “secular” links at both institutional and grass‐roots levels. Finally, other areas for future research into trans‐Tasman Christian linkages are briefly proposed and introduced.     

THE SUBURBANIZATION OF TORONTO OFFICES

Office decentralization in Toronto between 1951 and 1986, and the evolution of three case study office centres from 1966 to 1986, were investigated. While five-sixths of Toronto's office building space was in the central core in 1951, by1986 half of it was elsewhere, mainly in 19 office centres. Questionnaires elicited the characteristics of office establishments in the centres, and interviews probed their location decisions. The case study centres differ in establishment size, branch /head office proportions, dominant office functions and functional diversity. Highway access is critical in office location decisions, while the suitability of public transit, commuting, and accommodation may be considered. The findings generally support recent stage models of suburban office growth, provided that the definition of ‘suburban downtowns’ is amended, and indicate a possible hierarchy of office locations. Dans cet article, on étudie le phénomène de la décentralisation des bureaux à Toronto durant la période 1951 a 1986, ainsi que ?évolution de trois complexes de bureaux, ici retenus à titre ?étude de cas, pour la période 1966 à 1986. En 1951, les 5/6 de ?espace de bureaux à Toronto se trouvait dans le quartier des affaires. Mais en 1986, la moitié de cet espace était ailleurs, concentré notammentdans 19 complexes de bureau. Les caractéristiques des bureaux particuliers situés dans les complexes ont été formulées à partir des questionnaires tandis que des entrevues ont servi à préciser les facteurs qui ont influencé le choix ?emplacement de bureaux. Ceux que nous avons considérés diffèrent selon les dimensions des bureaux, la proposition des succursales, du siège social, les fonctions principales du bureau et la diversité de celles-ci. ?accès aux autoroutes joue un rǒle crucial dans le choix de ?emplacement ?un bureau, mais ?efficacité des transports en commun, la longueur du trajet résidence-bureau et la qualité du logement peuvent ětre également pris en considération. Dans ?ensemble, nos résultats confirment les modèles récents de croissance par étapes des bureaux en banlieue, tout en signalant la possibilité?une hierarchie ?emplacement.     

Both Ends of the Telescope: New Perspectives on FDR and American Entry into World War II

Review in this Article
Michael Barnhart. Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security, 1919–1941 . Ithaca
Waldo H. Heinrichs. Threshold of War: Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Entry into World War II . New York Oxford University Press, 1988. x + 279 pp.
Akira Iriye. The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific . New York Longman, 1987.
Frederick W. Marks III. Wind over Sand: The Diplomacy of Franklin Roosevelt . Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1988. xiv + 444 pp. Notes, bibliography, index.
Jonathan G. Utley. Going to War with Japan, 1937–1941 . Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1985. xiv + 238 pp. Maps, photographs, notes, bibliography, index.