A laboratory cave for the study of wall degradation in rock art caves: an implementation in the Vézère area

The aim of this proposal is to present an original approach to the study and preservation of rock art caves. A multidisciplinary study of cave wall alteration will be performed to understand the impact of environmental context on the evolution of wall surfaces. The approach involves the choice of a cave with characteristics similar to painted caves in the studied area (Vézère Valley in Dordogne, France): e.g., cave wall alteration, lithology, morphology, etc. This selected cave is intended to become a laboratory cave, monitored for the acquisition of chemical, physical and biological environmental data on bedrock, air and fluids along with their characteristics. A cave without art or archaeological interest has been chosen specifically to conduct experiments, to make in situ analysis and to obtain samples. The results are to be completed by specific observations in several other caves and compiled in a database.     

Book Reviews

H. Roger Grant and Charles W. Bohi. The Country Railroad Station in America. Sioux Falls, S.D.: Augustana College, Center for Western Studies, 1988, 192 pp. Julius K. Hunter. Westmoreland and Portland Places: The History ana Architecture of America's Premier Private Streets, 1888-1988. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1988, 219 pp. illus. $39.55. Michael Bradshaw. Regions and Regionalism in the United States. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 1988, x and 187 pp. David J. Nemeth. The Architecture of Ideology: Neo-Confucian Imprinting on Cheju Island, Korea. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1987, xi, 323 pp., maps, photos, diagrams, glossary, references, not indexed, $42.00.     

The Prairie Style House: Spatial Diffusion of a Minor Design

The spread of the Prairie style house was'investigated in order to exemplify the means of diffusion of minor'designs. This style, developed by Frank Lloyd Wright, spread'beyond suburban Chicago between 1900 and 1917. It is confined'primarily to selected communities of the Midwest in which its low'elongated silhouette reflects the often flat prairie terrain. The'chronological sequence of diffusion of the Prairie style was'compared to the sizes and rates of growth of the places to which it'spread. This sequence did not conform to a hierarchal pattern'because the style failed to gain acceptance among the elite of'Chicago and other large cities. Prairie design was confined'primarily to middle class circles and spread by means of a'fragmentary system of inter-city communication. Third parties'frequently provided the initial means of contact between architects'and their out-of-town clients. The relationship of third parties to the'architects was often in the role of former patrons. Their ties with'out-of-town clients usually resulted from family or business'associations.     

Stuck in the past? British views on the Spanish army’s effectiveness and military culture, 1946–1983

After the Civil War the Spanish army functioned as a guardian of domestic order, but suffered from antiquated material and little financial means. These factors have been described as fundamental reasons for the army’s low potential wartime capability. This article draws on British and German sources to demonstrate how Spanish military culture prevented an augmented effectiveness and organisational change. Claiming that the army merely lacked funding and modern equipment, falls considerably short in grasping the complexities of military effectiveness and organisational cultures, and might prove fatal for current attempts to develop foreign armed forces in conflict or post-conflict zones.     

A Blueprint for Successful Peacekeeping? The Italians in Beirut (Lebanon), 1982–1984

On 6 June 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon to fight the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO). Between August 1982 and February 1984, the US, France, Britain and Italy deployed a Multinational Force (MNF) to Beirut. Its task was to act as an interposition force to bolster the government and to bring peace to the people. The mission is often forgotten or merely remembered in context with the bombing of US Marines’ barracks. However, an analysis of the Italian contingent shows that the MNF was not doomed to fail and could accomplish its task when operational and diplomatic efforts were coordinated. The Italian commander in Beirut, General Franco Angioni, followed a successful approach that sustained neutrality, respectful behaviour and minimal force, which resulted in a qualified success of the Italian efforts.     

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